vessels Flashcards
1
Q
layers of the heart
A
- epicardium: outer protective layer: external layer of connective tissue: visceral layer of serous pericardium
(pericardium: fibrous external layer connected to sternum and VC thru ligaments and a serous layer. serous slayer is divided into parietal and visceral - myocardium: muscular middle layer: muscular: specific cells and fibres: striated non voluntary
- endocardium: thin inner layer: epithelial tissue: monolayer of flat cells
- no need for 4th layer as epithelium can be directly supplied
2
Q
layers of blood vessels
A
- tunica externa (adventitia): outer loose connective tissue
- tunica media: middle smooth muscle
- tunica intima: inner endothelial lining: monolayer of flat cells
3
Q
arteries
A
- conductive: large - middle - arterioles
- thicker muscular layer with elastic fibers to:
- able to resist high blood pressure
- retain their round shape when empty
- divided into three categories by size
4
Q
large elastic arteries
A
- contain high amount of elastic fibers in the tunica media for expansion and recoil in normal cardiac cycle
- aorta and brachiocephalic trunk
5
Q
medium muscular arteries
A
- contain mostly smooth muscle fibers in the tunica media to regulate their diameter and control flow
- femoral land axillary arteries
6
Q
small arteries and arterioles
A
- control filling of capillaries
7
Q
capillaries
A
- material exchanges between blood and tissue fluids
- between smallest arterioles and smallest venules
- endothelium + basal membrane and pericytes: specific cells in middle layer to sustain shape
- run in every connective tissue
- scarce in tendons, ligaments and cartilage
8
Q
veins
A
- greater capacity for blood containment than arteries
- thin walls: less muscular and elastic tissue
- lower blood pressure: 10 mmHg with little fluctuation
- valves aid skeletal muscles in upward blood flow in lower limbs
- no elastic artery: lose their shape:irregular lumen
- lower limbs: semilunar valves to maintain passage of blood
9
Q
large veins
A
- contain some smooth muscle in tunica media with thicker tunica externa
- superior and inferior vena cava and portal vein
10
Q
small and medium veins
A
- contain small amounts of smooth muscle
- superficial veins in the upper and lower libs
11
Q
venules
A
the smallest veins to drain the capillaries
12
Q
pulmonary trunk
A
- originates from RV
- ascends anteriorly to the aorta then moving posteriorly below arch
- below arch it (T5-6) divides into the right and left pulmonary arteries
-start pulmonary circulation taking deox blood to lungs
13
Q
aorta
A
- originates from LV
- aortic semilunar valve: posterior, right and left anterior pockets
14
Q
ascending aorta
A
- within pericardial sac
- gives rise to the right and left coronary arteries: - from right and left coronary cusps that contain coronary sinuses: origin of coronary arteries
- moving superiorly with the arch
15
Q
aortic arch
A
- gives rise to 3 branches
- brachiocephalic trunk: right subclavian and right common carotid
- left common carotid artery
- left subclavian artery
16
Q
descending aorta
A
- from T4
- descends in front of the vertebral bodies
- divides in thoracic and abdominal regions
17
Q
right coronary artery
A
- goes inside coronary groove inferior to right auricle and moves along posteriorly
- terminal branch: posterior interventricular artery in posterior interventricular groove (posterior descennding artery)
branches: - sinu-atrial nodal branch
- AVN artery
- right marginal branches
- atrial branhes for RA
18
Q
- left (main) coronary artery -
A
- og from left cusp
- passes behind pulmonary trunk in coronary groove
- terminal branch: coronary sulcus (crux cordis) if right dominant (if left it continues to form PIV artery)
- division inferior to left auricle
- anterior: anterior interventricular descending arery through IV groove
- left margin: circumflex artery
- ventricular and septal branches
- supplies largest partof anterior surface and left posterior surface, anterior 2/3 of septum (other 1/3 by post)
19
Q
brachiocephalic branch
A
- right common carotid artery
- right subclavian artery
20
Q
subclavian arteries location
A
- above apex of the lung
- behind the anterior scalene
- between clavicle and first rib
21
Q
collateral branches of subclavian arteries
A
- vertebral artery: goes up and back through the transverse foramina C6-C1
- enters skull thru foramen magnum
- joins the controlateral artery to form the basilar artery
-at clivus: junction of basilar part of occipital bone and dorsum sellum
22
Q
terminal branches ob subclavian erteries
A
- axillary artery: inside the axilla with the vein, posterior the pectoralis major and minor
- inferiorly to pectoralis major: becomes brachial artery: run between biceps and coracobrachialis
- inferiorly the cubital fossa: divides into radial and ulnar arteries
- deep and superficial palmar arch
23
Q
common carotid arteries
A
- right: cervical tract
- left: cervical then thoracic tract
- cervical tracts form the carotid sheath with the internal jugular vein and the vagus nerve
- bifurcate superiorly the larynx in the two terminal branches
- division of common carotid above larynx to internal and external
24
Q
external carotid artery
A
- to supply neck, face and external walls of the skull (muscles)
- posteriorly the sternocleidomastoid muscle and goes up inferiorly to the digastric muscle to reach the parotid gland
- terminal branches: temporalis superficialis and maxillary arteries
25
internal carotid artery
- enters through carotid canal
-goes up and posteriorly the external to reach the carotid canal and enter into the skull
-4 divisons: cervical, petrous (curve), cavernous (cavernous sinus) and cerebral
- terminal branches: anterior and middle cerebral arteries + posterior communicating artery
26
circle of willis
- anteriorly by terminal branches of internal carotid artery and posteriorly by terminal branches of basilar artery
post:
- vertebral arteries enter occipital foramen after transverse foramina and meet to form basilar
- basilar forms several collaterals for cerebellum
- two terminal branches: posterior cerebral arteries (2)
ant:
- internal carotid artery from each side
- terminal: anterior cerebral arteries (1 from each) right and left connected through a small artery called anterior communicating artery forming anterior arch
- other terminal branch: middle cerebral artery goes laterally: last terminal branch: posterior communicating artery joins posterior cerebral artery forms the circle
27
descending aorta: thoracic aorta
- begins at T4 and ends at T12 where it passes through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
- located to the left of the vertebral column
- bundle of nerves and vessels passes through internal and innermost intercostal muscles
28
collateral branches of descending thoracic aorta
- bronchial arteries
- pericardial branches
- phrenic branches
- intercostal arteries
- subcostal arteries
29
descending aorta: abdominal aorta
- begins at aortic hiatus of the diaphragm
-descends through the abdomen anterior to the vertebral bodies and ends at the level of L4
- terminal branches: common iliac arteries
30
collateral branches of descending abdominal aorta
- celiac trunk: first division of 3 vessels: liver,stomach,spleen: hepatic, gastric, splenic artery
- superior mesenteric (intestine) artery
- inferior mesenteric artery
- renal arteries
- gonadal arteries
31
common iliac arteries
- from the bifurcation of the abdominal aorta at L4
- go toward the sacroiliac joints to become internal and external iliac arteries
32
internal iliac artery
-to supply the organs and the wall of the pelvic cavity and gluteal region
33
external iliac artery
- descends medially along the psoas major muscle to reach the inguinal ligament
- femoral triangle: common femoral artery
- then profunda femoris and superficial femoral artery
- reaches adductor hiatus:popliteal artery runs with the soleus muscle
- terminal branches: anterior and posterior tibial arteries
- dorsalis pedis in foot
34
terminal cardiac veins
- coronary sulcus
- posterior surface on RA
35
veins of the pulmonary circulation
4 pulmonary veins
- enter the LA from the lungs with oxygenated blood
- superiors have an oblique course
- inferiors have a transverse course
36
superior vena cava
- enters RA at the lower level of the 3rd costal cartilage
- collects all the venous blood of the supracardiaphragmatic region
- formed by left brachiocephalic vein and right brachiocephalic vein mainly and the azygous vein
- brachiocephalic: at each side it is made up of the junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins posterior to the medial end of the clavicle
37
azygous vein
- From the junction of the right ascending lumbar vein andthe right subcostal vein
- Enters in the thorax , ascends to the
right of the vertebral bodies and at T4 arches to join the SVC
- It includes hemiazygos, intercostal, pericardial and bronchial veins.
38
hemiazygous vein
- from the junction of the left ascending lumbar vein and the left subcostal vein
- enters the thorax, ascends to the left of the vertebral bodies
- arches at T9 to join azygous crossing the vertebral column
- includes last intercostal oesophageal and mediastinal veins
39
accessory hemiazygous vein
-Descends from the left side to collect the first intercostal veins
-At the level of T8 crosses the vertebral column and reach the azygos vein or ends in the hemiazygos vein
40
deep veins of upper limb
- deep veins: accompany the arteries of the same region and bear similar names
- radia,ulnal,brachial,subclaviar
41
superficial veins of upper limb
- palmar venous arches
- cephalic vein:Laterally from the hand,ascends on radial side of the forearm continues up the arm to drain into axillary vein
- basilic vein:Medially from the hand, ascends on the ulnar side of forearm and joins axillary vein
- median cubital vein: links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa
42
cephalic vein
- laterally after radial from cubital fossa
- ascends on radial side of the forearm to the elbow and then in the lateral side of the biceps brachii
- continues up the arm where it passes the clavipectoral fascia to drain into axillary vein
43
basilic vein
- medially from cubital fossa after ulnar vein
- ascends on the ulnar side of the forearm to the elbow
- then medial biceps brachii
- passes the deep fascia and joins the brachial vein or axillary vein
44
medial cubital vein
- links cephalic vein and basilic vein in the cubital fossa
- frequent site for venipuncture to remove sample of blood or add fluid
45
veins from the skull
- sinuses: veins in skull
- a network of small venous channels leads to the dural venous sinuses
- 2 important:
- superior sagittal sinus
- parallel and deeper: inferior sagittal sinus
- connected posteriorly by straight sinus: stops at confluence of sinuses at internal occipital protuberance
- lateral passage of transverse sinus: forms sigmoid sinus in temporal bone
- all sinuses meet and form internal jugular vein at jugular foramen
- goes down to form internal cervical vein right and left
46
inferior vena cava
- enters the RA at the level of T12
- collects all the venous blood of the infradiaphragmatic region
- formed by parietal and visceral veins
- parietal veins: iliac veins (internal,external,femoral,saphenos,tibial), lumbar and phrenic veins
- visceral veins : renal, adrenal, genital veins
47
portal vein
- collects all the venous blood of the digestive system and spleen
- after passage in the liver the blood goes into IVC thru hepatic vein
48
veins of lower limb
- largest superficial: great saphenous vein: medially from dorsal aspect of the foot to drain into the common femoral vein
- leg: smallsphenous vein from lateral side goes into tibial vein
- ascends, becomes popliteal vein then femoral vein
- deep femoral vein drains into femoral vein forming common femoral vein
49
50
elastic arteries
- elastic force given back to blood by peripherally and posteriorly squeezing
51
great cardiac vein
- supply from anterior surface
- from apex
- follows IV groove
- pass to coronary groove into sinus
52
small cardiac vein
- collect right marginal part
- between RA and RV
- through groove to sinus
53
middle cardiac vein
- posterior side of great
- from apex
- follows post IV groove
- to coronary groove into sinus
54
posterior cardiac vein
- collect from left marginal side of posterior surface
- into coronary sinus
55
carotid sheath
- fibrous connective tissue surrounding several important structures of the neck
- carotid artery, jugular vein, vagus nerve, and sympathetic plexus
-thicker around the arteries than around the vein, allowing the vein to expand
