weird regions

Question 1

axilla

Answer 1

• transition region between cervical region and upper limb
• anterior border: pectoralis major and minor
• medial border: serratus anterior and thoracic wall
• posterior border: scapularis, teres major, latissimus dorsi
• lateral border: intertubercular sulcus
• superior opening:apex: bordered by scapula, first rib and clavicle
• floor: base: subcutaneous tissue of axilla
• passages: triangular and quadrangular space
• contents: axillary vessels, brachial plexus, lymph nodes, 2 muscles

Question 2

femoral triangle

Answer 2

• inferior to inguinal ligament
• Lateral border: Sartorius muscle
• Medial border: Adductor longus muscle
• Base or superior border: Inguinal Ligament
• Femoral Nerve, Femoral Artery, Femoral Vein, Femoral canal (Empty space), Lymphatics

Question 3

popliteal fossa

Answer 3

• posterior aspect of the knee
• main path for vessels and nerves pass between the thigh and the leg
• borders:
  Superomedial – semimembranosus.
  Superolateral – biceps femoris.
  Inferomedial – medial head of the gastrocnemius.
  Inferolateral – lateral head of the gastrocnemius and plantaris
• floor: posterior surface of the knee joint capsule, popliteus muscle and posterior femur
• roof: popliteal fascia and skin
• contents: Popliteal artery, Popliteal vein, Tibial nerve, Common fibular nerve

Question 4

gateways to the lower limb

Answer 4

• obturator canal: obturator nerves and vessels
• greater sciatic foramen: piriformis, superior gluteal nerve and vessels, inferior gluteal nerve and vessels, sciatic nerve
• lesser sciatic foramen: obturator internus muscle
• gap between the inguinal ligament and pelvic bone: psoas major, iliacus muscles, femoral nerve and vessels

Question 5

inguinal canal

Answer 5

• inguinal region: inferolateral part of abdominal wall
• anterior wall: external oblique aponeurosis
• roof: internal oblique muscles and transversus abdominis
• floor: inguinal ligament
• posterior wall: transversalis fascia and parietal peritoneum
• superficial ring and deep inguinal ring
• content: spermatic cord in male and ligamentum rotundum in females
• inguinal triangle: Linea arcuata, ligamentum inginale, inferior epigastric vessels

Question 6

surface anatomy of abdomen

Answer 6

• superior boundary: costal margin: diaphragm
• inferior boundaries: iliac crest, ASIS, inguinal ligament, pubic crest

Question 7

tendons

Answer 7

• strong and whitish cords, varying in length and thickness
• inelastic
• white- fibrous tissue
• fibrils of which have a course parallel with each other and are firmly united together
• connect the muscles with the structures to be moved, such as the bones and cartilages

Question 8

aponeuroses

Answer 8

• are flattened or expanded tendons, of a pearly-white colour
• connect the muscles with the structures to be moved, such as the bones and cartilages

Question 9

fasciae

Answer 9

• membranous fibrous laminae
• variable thickness and strength,
• found in all regions of the body
  -investing the softer and more delicate organs
• connect the skin to the subjacent parts
• containing pellicles of fat in varying quantity
• facilitates the movement of the skin, serves as a soft bed for the passage of vessels and nerves to the skin, and retains the warmth of the body, since fat is a bad conductor of heat
• binds down muscles collectively in each region
• may give a separate sheath to each, and to the vessels and nerves as well

Question 10

cubital fossa

Answer 10

• medial border: lateral border of pronator teres
• superior border: imaginary line between epicondyles
• lateral border: medial border of the brachioradialis
• contents:

Question 11

carpal tunnel

Answer 11

• Carpal Arch: base and sides laterally by the scaphoid and trapezium tubercles, medially by the hook of the hamate and the pisiform
• Flexor Retinaculum: Thick connective tissue which forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
• contents:
  The tendon of flexor pollicis longus
  Four tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
  Four tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis