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anatomy > joints > Flashcards

joints Flashcards

1
Q

3 types of joints

A
  • fibrous
  • cartilaginous
  • synovial
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2
Q

menisci in knee

A
  • medial and lateral
  • fibrocartilaginous structures on the tibial articular surfaces
  • broaden area of articulation and distribute weight, increase stability and act as shock absorbers
  • attached at both ends to intercondylar area of tibia
  • lateral is smaller
  • medial is connected to tibial collateral ligament
  • transverse ligament: medial meniscus to lateral: keeps in place during extension
  • meniscofemoral ligaments: lateral meniscus to the medial femoral condyle
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3
Q

bursae of knee joint

A
  • suprapatellar: above knee
  • prepatellar: in front of knee
  • deep and superficial infrapatella - below knee
  • semimembranous: behind knee
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4
Q

bursae in shoulder joint

A
  • subscapular
  • subacromial
  • subdeltoid
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5
Q

6 types of synovial joints

A
  • ball and socket: shoulder
  • plane: carpals
  • hinge: elbow
  • pivot : atlas and axis
  • condylar: wrist
  • saddle : thumb
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6
Q

antlanto-occipital joint

A
  • occipital condyles on occipital bone and superior articular facets of atlas
  • pair of condylar joints
  • movements: flexion, extension, limited lateral flexion
  • ligaments: Posterior atlantooccipital ligament, anterior atlantooccipital ligament
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7
Q

atlas-axis joint

A
  • 2 lateral plane joints between articular facets
  • 1 median pivot joint between dens and anterior arch of atlas
  • ligaments:
  • apical ligament:from apex of dens to occipital foramen
  • alar ligament:lateral from dens to occipital foramen
  • cruciate ligament: contains joint: superior+inferior longitudinal band, trasverse ligament of atlas
  • tectorial membrane
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8
Q

costo-vertebral joints and costo-transverse joints

A
  • heads of ribs articulate with vertebral bodies
  • ribs heads withe facets on bodies of two close thoracic vertebrae
  • synovial plane joints
  • 1,11,12 articulate with a single vertebra
  • tubercle with transverse processes
  • facet of a costal tubercle articulates with the transverse process of its corresponding vertebra by a plane joint
  • ribs 11 and 12 lack this articulation
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9
Q

intervertebral joints

A
  • joints between vertebral bodies
  • symphysis
  • fibrocartilaginous intervertebral discs with an outer anulus fibrosus and inner nucleus pulposus
  • facet (zygapophyseal) joints: between vertebral articular processes are plane joints: only synovial joints in the spine, with hyaline cartilage: plane synovial joints between the superior and inferior articular processes
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10
Q

sacroiliac joint

A
  • between ilium of pelvis and sacrum: irregular surfaces lined with hyaline cartilage
  • a plane joint with a synovial membrane and an articular disc
  • weight bearing joints to transfer forces from lower limb to vertebral column, small gliding and rotational movements
  • During pregnancy, the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint become slightly lax : movement within the joint in childbirth
  • anterior sacroiliac ligament:From the anterior surface of the sacrum to the medial side of ilium
  • posterior sacroiliac ligament: From the posterior surface of the sacrum to the lateral side of ilium
  • interosseous sacroiliac ligament: From the posterior surface of the sacrum to the iliac tuberosity
  • Iliolumbar ligament: From the transverse process of L4 and L5 to the anterior sacroiliac ligament
  • Sacrotuberous ligament: From the lateral border of sacrum and coccyx to the ischial tuberosity
  • Sacrospinous ligament: From the lateral margins of the sacrum and coccyx to the ischial spine
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11
Q

acromioclavicular joint

A
  1. Bones: scapula and clavicle
  2. Articular facets: Oval facet on medial surface of the acromion of scapula and facet on flat acromial end of clavicle
  3. Type of joint: synovial plane joint
  4. Movements: sliding movements to change the wideness of the angle between scapula and clavicle
  5. Ligaments: small acromioclavicular ligament, large coracoclavicular ligament (trapezoid + conoid)
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12
Q

sternoclavicular joint

A
  1. Bones: clavicle + sternum
  2. Articular facets: proximal end of clavicle, clavicular notch of manubrium, small part of first costal cartilage
  3. Type of joint: synovial saddle joint
  4. Movements: elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, some rotation
  5. Ligaments: anterior and posterior sternoclavicular ligaments, interclavicular ligament, costoclavicular ligament
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13
Q

glenohumeral joint

A
  1. Bones: humerus + scapula
  2. Articular facets: large spherical head of humerus + smaller glenoid cavity of scapula
  3. Type of joint: synovial ball and socket
  4. Movements: adduction, abduction, flexion,extension, internal rotation, external rotation, circumduction
    - allows for scapular protraction, retraction, elevation, and depression
  5. Ligaments: glenohumeral (superior,inferior,medialis), coracohumeral, coracoacromial
    - tendon of biceps femoris in bicipital groove: transverse ligament bridges groove
    - rotator cuff: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, teres minor
    - glenoid labrum: fibrocartilaginous complex that attaches as a rim to the articular cartilage of the glenoid fossa
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14
Q

proximal and distal radioulnar joint

A
  1. Bones: radius + ulna
  2. Articular facets: proximal: head of radius with radial notch of ulna, distal: head of ulna with ulnar notch of radius
  3. Type of joint:
  4. Movements: pronation and supination of forearm: rotation of radius at elbow moves distal end over ulna as ulnar notch of radius slides anteriorly over convex head of ulna, while head spins on capitulum
  5. Ligaments: anular ligament of radius
    - Fibrous disk separates from wrist joint
    - Interosseous membrane: fibrous sheet (collagen fibres) connecting medial border of radius and lateral border of ulna. Oblique cord: free upper margin inferior to radial tuberosity
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15
Q

elbow joint: humeroulnar, humeroradial, proximal radioulnar

A
  1. Bones: humerus, radius, ulna
  2. Articular facets: trochlear notch of ulna with trochlea of humerus, head of radius with capitulum of humerus: principle articulation + head of radius with radial notch of ulna
    - Radius slides into radial fossa and ulna into coronoid at flexion
    - compound joint sharing capsule and membrane
    - hyaline cartilage
  3. Type of joint:
    - humeroulnar: hinge joint
    - humeroradial: condylar
    - PRU: pivot
  4. Movements: flexion + extension,
  5. Ligaments: anular ligament of radius, radial and ulnar collateral ligament, quadrate ligament: from inferior border of the radial notch on the ulna and to the neck of the radius
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16
Q

wrist joint

A
  1. Bones: radius + ulna + scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum
  2. Articular facets: distal end of radius, articular disc over end of ulna, + carpal articular surfaces form convex shape
  3. Type of joint: synovial condylar
  4. Movements: hand adduction, abduction, flexion, extension: greater degree of adduction as radial styloid process extends further
  5. Ligaments:
    - radial collateral: styloid process to scaphoid
    - ulnar radiocarpal from styloid process to pisiform and triquietrum
    - palmar radiocarpal: capitate, lunate
    - dorsal radiocarpal ligament to triquetrum
17
Q

carpal joints

A
  1. Bones: carpal bones
    - plane joints between bones of proximal row
    - plane between bones of distal row
    - lateral midcarpal plane joint between scaphoid, trapezium and trapezoid
    - medial condylar midcarpal joint between scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum to form concave part wit capitate and hamate forming condyle
  2. Movements: limited movements but contribute to positioning of hand especially during extension
  3. Ligaments:
18
Q

carpometacarpal joints

A
  1. Bones: 5 metacarpals + related distal row of carpal bones
  2. Type of joint: plane except base of thumb: saddle
  3. Movements: 1: trapezium + MC 1: flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation, circumduction, MC2-4: limited gliding movements increasing medially
19
Q

joints between C2-S1

A
  • cartilaginous joints between bodies: symphyses
  • synovial joints between articular processes (plane)
19
Q

ligaments of vertebral column

A
  • anterior longitudinal ligament: strong band along anterior surfaces of vertebral bodies from basilar part of occipital bone to front of sacrum
  • posterior longitudinal ligament: on posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies inside the canal: from C2 to sacrum
  • interspinous: connect consecutive spinous process
  • intertransverse ligaments: between adjacent transverse processes
  • ligamenta flava: laminae of adjacent vertebrae: yellow elastic tissue
  • supraspinous ligament:connects tips of spinous processes from C7-L3/4: thicker from occipital to C7: ligamentum nuchae
20
Q

finger joints

A
  • intermetacarpal joints: plane
  • metacarpophalangeal joints: condylar
  • interphalangeal: hinge
21
Q

pubic symphysis

A
  • fibrocartilaginous disc between pubic bones
  • withstand pressure and compressive forces
  • superior pubic ligament: connects bones above from tubercles
  • arcuate pubic ligament: connects lower borders of the symphysial pubic surfaces
22
Q

hip joint

A
  • head of femur with lunate surface of the acetabulum of pelvic bone
  • synovial ball and socket, multiaxial
  • Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, external rotation, internal rotation and circumduction
  • abduction of pelvis on fixed femur
  • Capsular:
  • iliofemoral: from between AIIS to intertrochanteric line
  • pubofemoral: from medially to iliopubic eminence to iliofemoral
  • ischiofemoral: from posteroinferior to the acetabulum to the greater trochanter
  • Intracapsular: transverse acetabular(completes acetabular notch), ligamentum teres
23
Q

knee joint

A
  • femur, tibia, patella
  • Extension, flexion, rotation but limited by cruciate ligaments
  • medial and lateral tibial articular surfaces + corresponding femoral condyles
  • synovial hinge joint: flexion and extension
  • lack of of congruency: 2 meniscus to increase congruency (concavity)
  • hyaline cartilage with small articular cavity filled with synovial fluid enclosed by synovial membrane
    patellofemoral:
  • patella in quads tendon with oval articular surface on posterior aspect divided by vertical ridge sitting on intercondylar groove on anterior distal femur, each articulates with femoral condyles
  • gliding plane joint
  • diff degrees of contact: most at flexion
  • thick hyaline cartilage
  • aids extension: increases angle at which quads tendon acts on knee: mechanical advantage
24
Q

capsule of knee joint

A

posteriorly:
- art. margins on femoral condyles and intercondylar fossa proximally and tibial condyles distally:
- covers whole posterior aspect
- blends with oblique and arcuate popliteal ligaments
- small opening at posterior lateral tibial condyle for popliteus muscle tendon
anteriorly
- formed by quads tendon, patella, patellar ligament and patellar retinacula
- retinacula: formed by vastus medialis and lateralis expansions overlying deep fascia

25
Q

anterior extracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • patellar ligament: continuation of quads tendon from apex of patella to tibial tuberosity joined by retinacula
  • fibular collateral: from lateral epicondyle of femur to the fibular head limits excessive sideways movement
  • tibial collateral: from medial epicondyle of femur to proximal medial tibial surface: continuous with capsule
26
Q

posterior extracapsular ligaments of knee

A

oblique popliteal:
- expansion of semimembranosus tendon inserting into into lateral femoral condyle
- blends with posterior capsule
- additional support
arcuate popliteal
- arises from fibular head as single band then goes 2 separate ways
- medial part passes over popliteus tendon and bends with post capsule
- lateral part passes superiorly over knee and inserts into capsule at lateral femoral condyle

27
Q

intracapsular ligaments of knee

A
  • anterior and posterior cruciate cross over
  • prevent femur and tibia from dislocation
  • in capsule but not membrane
  • internal rotation: wrap around each other
    -external rotation: two parallel bands

anterior:
- anterior intercondylar area of tibia to lateral femoral condyle
- under tension when knee extended: prevents hyperextenison

posterior:
- posterior intercondylar area of tibia to medial femoral condyle
- under tension when knee is flexed: prevents hyperflexion

28
Q

ankle: talocrural joint

A
  • talus + tibia + fibula
  • medial malleolus of tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula, trochlea of talus and medial and lateral malleolar facets of talus
  • synovial hinge joint
  • movements: dorsiflexion and plantarflexion
    ligaments:
  • medial collateral (deltoid): posterior and anterior tibiotalar, posterior tibiocalcaneal, anterior tibionavicular
  • lateral collateral: from lateral malleolus: 3 branches: posterior and anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular
29
Q

joints in toes

A
  • tarsometatarsal -plane
  • metatarsophalangeal - condylar?
  • interphalangeal - hinge
  • sesamoid bones at metatarsophalangeal joint of hallux to protect tendon of flexor hallucis longus/brevis from weight
30
Q

subtalar joint

A
  • posterior calconeal surface + posterior talar surface
  • synovial plane joint
  • inversion and eversion
  • ligaments: Lateral, medial and posterior talocalcaneal ligaments,
    Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament
31
Q

transverse tarsal joint

A

talocalcaneonavicular joint:
- synovial ball and socket
- concave surface of posterior navicular with anterior articular surface of calcaneus + upper surface of calcaneonavicular ligament
- convex head of plantar surface of neck of talus (rounded head)
- gliding movements and some rotation
- ligaments: Interosseous talocalcaneal ligament, Talonavicular ligament, Plantar calcaneonavicular ligament, Bifurcate ligament (calcaneonavicular part)
calcaneocuboid
- saddle joint
- anterior calconeal surface and posterior cuboidal surface
ligaments: Long and short plantar ligaments, Bifurcate ligament, (calcaneocuboid part)
- least mobile: single rotation+some translation

anatomy (38 decks)

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