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BMSC Regional Gross Anatomy 1 > Vertebral column: bones and joints > Flashcards

Vertebral column: bones and joints Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of the vertebral column (5)

A
  • muscle attachment
  • mobility
  • protection of the spinal cord
  • weight transfer from trunk to lower limbs
  • haematopoesis within bodies
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2
Q

bones of the vertebral column

A 
7 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar 
5 sacral (fused)
4 coccygeal (fused)
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3
Q

the primary curvatures are

A

kyphosis

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4
Q

the secondary curvatures are

A

lordosis

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5
Q

4 principal curves of the spine

A

cervical lordosis
thoracic kyphosis
lumbar lordosis
sacral kyphosis

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6
Q

what is a scoliosis

A

lateral curvature of the spine

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7
Q

what is the difference between postural and pathological scoliosis

A

postural will resolve when you stand, pathological is permanent

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8
Q

how do curvatures of the spine develop

A

in response to changing movements/posture of the newborn

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9
Q

how does the secondary curvature in the cervical region develop

A

newborn’s ability to hold neck up

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10
Q

how does the secondary curvature develop in the lumbar region

A

ability to crawl and later stand up and walk

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11
Q

describe the components of a typical vertebrae

A

vertebral body
vertebral arch
processes
vertebral notches

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12
Q

where is the vertebral body found

A

anteriorly

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13
Q

what makes up the vertebral arch

A

pedicles and lamina

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14
Q

how many processes does a typical vertebrae have

A

7

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15
Q

what are the processes of a typical vertebrae

A

1 x spinous
2 x transverse
4 x articular

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16
Q

what are the vertebral notches

A

indentations superior and inferior to pedicles

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17
Q

which vertebral notch is more pronounced

A

inferior

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18
Q

where is the vertebral foramen

A

space created between body and arch

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19
Q

what is another name for C1

A

atlas

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20
Q

why is C1 considered atypical

A

no body or spinous process

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21
Q

what does C1 have instead of body and spinous process

A

anterior and posterior arches, each with a tubercle

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22
Q

what are the tubercles on C1 anterior and posterior arches for

A

sites of muscle and ligament attachment

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23
Q

how does C1 articulate with occipital condyles

A

superior articular surfaces

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24
Q

the superior articular surfaces of C1 are for articulation with what

A

occipital condyles

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25
Q

what is found posterior to the anterior arch of C1

A

foramen for dens of C2

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26
Q

what is another name for C2

A

axis

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27
Q

why is C2 atypical

A

it has a dens/odontoid process that projects up from body

28
Q

how does C2 articulate with C1

A

C1 rotates around dens on superior articular facets

29
Q

the superior articular facets of C2 are relatively ___

A

flat

30
Q

the transverse ligament of C1 attaches where on C2

A

posterior articular facet on odontoid process

31
Q

what do the transverse processes of all cervical vertebrae have (including C1 and C2)

A

transverse foramen (foramen transversarium)

32
Q

what is the function of the foramen transversarium

A

allows passage of the vertebral artery which travels up through FT of cervical vertebrae to enter the skull via the foramen magnum

33
Q

the body of C3-C7 has what

A

uncinate process

34
Q

the transverse processes of C3-C7 have what

A

anterior and posterior tubercles with groove for spinal nerve in between

35
Q

the spinous process of C2-C7 is what shape

A

bifid

36
Q

how do T1-T12 articulate with ribs

A

costal facets

  • inferior and superior costal facets for head of rib
  • transverse costal facet for tubercle of rib
37
Q

how is a large amount of rotational movement allowed in the thoracic region

A

nearly vertical articular facets

  • superior articular facet is directed nearly posteriorly
  • inferior articular facet is directed nearly anteriorly
38
Q

describe the spinous processes of T1-T12

A

long sloping spinous process

39
Q

describe the shape of the body of the lumbar vertebrae

A

massive kidney shaped body

40
Q

describe the shape of the spinous process of lumbar vertebrae

A

quadriateral

41
Q

what extra processes do lumbar vertebrae have

A

accessory and mamillary processes

42
Q

where are the accessory processes of lumbar vertebrae

A

one on each transverse process

43
Q

where are the mamillary processes of lumbar vertebrae

A

one on each superior articular process

44
Q

what is the purpose of the accessory and mamillary processes

A

sites for muscle attachment

45
Q

describe the movement allowed in the lumbar region

A

very little rotational movement is possible while still maintaining flexion and extension

46
Q

why is there very little rotational movement but flexion and extension still maintained in lumbar region

A

superior articular facets are directed posteromedially and inferior articular facets are directed anterolaterally - SAPs are ‘gripping’ IAP of vertebrae above

47
Q

what shape is the sacrum

A

wedge shaped

48
Q

describe the anterior surface of the sacrum

A

smooth - faces pelvic cavity

49
Q

what do the anterior sacral foramina allow

A

passage of anterior rami of sacral spinal nerves

50
Q

the anterior sacral foramina are remants of what

A

when bones fuse they form foramina instead of superior and inferior notches seen in typical vertebrae

51
Q

the apex of the sacrum is superior to the

A

base of coccyx

52
Q

describe the posterior surface of the sacrum

A

median crest
2 intermediate crests
2 lateral crests

53
Q

how is the median crest of the sacrum formed

A

fusion of spinous processes

54
Q

how are the intermediate crests of the sacrum formed

A

fusion of articular processes

55
Q

how are the lateral crests of the sacrum formed

A

fusion of transverse processes

56
Q

how does the sacrum articulate with the iliac bones

A

auricular surfaces found on lateral sides of sacrum

57
Q

what is the purpose of the posterior sacral foramina

A

passage of spinal nerves exiting spinal canal

58
Q

what is found on the caudal end of posterior surface of the sacrum

A

sacral hiatus

59
Q

what shape is the coccyx

A

small and triangular

60
Q

how is the coccyx formed

A

fusion of around 4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae (variable but between 3-5)

61
Q

how does the coccyx articulate with the sacrum

A

coccygeal cornu (horns)

62
Q

what kind of joints are between vertebral bodies

A

intervertebral discs (secondary cartilaginous)

63
Q

what kind of joints are between the articular processes

A

zygopophysial joints (plane synovial)

64
Q

what are the 2 parts of the IVD

A

anulus fibrosus

nucleus pulposus

65
Q

what is the anulus fibrosus

A

concentric layers of fibrous tissue

66
Q

what is the nucleus pulposus

A

gelatinous core that allows IVD to change shape to accomodate movements of the VC

67
Q

what movements are possible at the VC

A

lateral flexion
rotation
extension
flexion

BMSC Regional Gross Anatomy 1 (30 decks)

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