Anterior forearm and wrist Flashcards
1
Q
what is the anterior compartment of the forearm responsible for
A
flexion of the wrist and digits and pronation
2
Q
where is the common flexor origin
A
medial epicondyle of the humerus
3
Q
what nerve supplies all but 2 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm
A
the median nerve
4
Q
what 2 muscles does the median nerve not supply
A
flexor carpi ulnaris
ring/little finger side of flexor digitorum profundus
5
Q
what nerve supplies flexor carpi ulnaris and ring/little finger side of flexor digitorum profundus
A
ulnar nerve
6
Q
flexor carpi ulnaris lies ___ the ulnar nerve
A
above
7
Q
ring and little finger side of flexor digitorum profundus lies ____ the ulnar nerve
A
directly below
8
Q
what is the most superficial muscle in the forearm
A
palmaris longus
9
Q
where does palmaris longus originate and insert
A
originates on medial epicondyle
inserts into and helps to tighten the palmar aponeurosis
10
Q
how does the palmar aponeurosis aid grip
A
adheres to the skin of the palm above it and the muscles of the hand below it and so stops the skin sliding over the muscles
11
Q
is palmaris longus necessary
A
no it is not an essential muscle and some individuals don’t have it or have unilateral presence of it
12
Q
what nerve innervates palmaris longus
A
median nerve (C7,8)
13
Q
function of palmaris longus
A
tighten aponeurosis
aids with wrist flexion
14
Q
pronator teres has how many heads
A
2
15
Q
what nerve passes between the 2 heads of pronator teres
A
median nerve
16
Q
what does pronator teres do
A
pronation of forearm and assists in elbow flexion
17
Q
if a muscle acts to move the radius during pronation where must it attach
A
radius
18
Q
why would weak flexion of the elbow still be possible if the musculocutaneous nerve was damaged
A
the musculocutaneous nerve innervates brachialis - the main flexor of the elbowbut pronator teres also crosses the anterior aspect of the elbow and therefore assists in flexion - it is innervated by the median nerve therefore if damage occurs to one nerve the other will still work
19
Q
what nerve innervates pronator teres
A
median nerve (C6,7)
20
Q
what is the origin and insertion of pronator teres
A
medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna to the lateral surface of the radius
21
Q
what is another word for wrist
A
carpus
22
Q
what do flexor carpi ulnaris and radialis do
A
flex the wrist
23
Q
flexor carpi ulnaris is on the ____ side of the forearm
A
medial (ulnar)
24
Q
flexor carpi radialis is on the ____ side of the forearm
A
lateral (radial)
25
how is the wrist adducted (medial deviation)
if flexor carpi ulnaris and its counterpart in the extensor compartment of the forearm (extensor carpi ulnaris) both act on the wrist it will be adducted
26
how is the wrist abducted
if the flexor and extensors on the radial side both act on the wrist it will be abducted (lateral deviation)
27
what nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris
ulnar nerve (C7,8)
28
what nerve innervates flexor carpi radialis
median nerve (C6,7)
29
what is the function of flexor carpi ulnaris
flexion of wrist and adduction of wrist
30
what is the function of flexor carpi radialis
flexion of wrist and abduction of wrist
31
what is the origin and insertion of flexor carpi ulnaris
originates from medial epicondyle and inserts onto base pisiform, hamate and 5th metacarpal
32
what is the origin and insertion of flexor carpi radialis
originates from medial epicondyle and inserts onto base of 2nd metacarpal
33
what is the origin and insertion of flexor digitorum superficialis
originates on medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of ulna and inserts on each side of middle phalange of digits 2-5 (not thumb)
34
what is the function of FDS
flexion of MCP and PIP joint and wrist
35
what is MCP
metacarpophalangeal
36
what is PIP
proximal interphalangeal
37
what nerve innervates FDS
median nerve (C7, C8, T1)
38
why can FDS not flex the DIP joint
it doesn't cross the joint between the middle and distal phalanges
39
what is the origin and insertion of flexor digitorum profundus
ulna and interosseous membrane to distal phalanges digits 2-5 (palmar)
40
what is the function of FDP
flexion of MCP PIP and DIP of digits 2-5 and wrist
41
what is the innervation of FDP
ring and little fingers is ulnar nerve (C8, T1)
| index and middle fingers = median nerve (C8, T1 - anterior interosseous branch)
42
FDP is superficial/deep
deep
43
the tendons of FDP/FDS split to attach onto either side of phalange
FDS
| tendons of FDP do not split - attach on palmar surface
44
FDP is innervated by ____ on the medial side
ulnar nerve
45
FDP is innervated by ____ on the lateral side
median nerve
46
what branch of the median nerve supplies FDP
anterior interosseous branch
47
what is the origin and insertion of flexor pollicis longus
radius and interosseous membrane to base of digital phalanx of thumb (palmar)
48
what is the function of FPL
flexion of MCP and IP of thumb and flexion of wrist
49
what nerve innervates FPL
median nerve (C8, T1 - anterior interosseous branch)
50
how many phalanges does the thumb have
2
51
what is the origin and insertion of pronator quadratus
distal anterior ulna to distal anterior radius
52
what is the function of pronator quadratus
pronation and help to stabilise distal radioulnar joint
53
what is the innervation of pronator quadratus
median nerve (C8, T1 anterior interosseous branch)
54
what are the fibres of the median nerve
C6 - T1
55
what cords supply the median nerve
medial and lateral cords
56
the median nerve is the major nerve of what
anterior compartment of the forearm and thumb side of hand
57
describe the course of the median nerve in the arm and forearm
forms from components of medial and lateral cords and descends through the arm to pass through the cubital fossa then passes between the heads of pronator teres in the anterior compartment of forearm where it forms the anterior interosseous branch before passing through the carpal tunnel and into the palmar surface of hand
58
what nerve passes through the carpal tunnel
median nerve
59
what anatomical spaces does the median nerve pass through
cubital fossa
| carpal tunnel
60
median nerve passes through the 2 heads of
pronator teres
61
does the median nerve give sensory innervation
yes, gives off sensory branches to supply sensory innervation to parts of the palm
62
what muscles does the median nerve supply in the hand
muscles in the thenar eminence of the hand and to the lateral 2 lumbricals
63
describe the course of the anterior interosseous branch
runs along interosseous membrane to supply deeper muscles of the anterior forearm
64
what fibres form the ulnar nerve
(C7)-T1 fibres
65
what cords give rise to the ulnar nerve
medial cord
66
the ulnar nerve runs along the ___ side of the arm
medial
67
describe the course of the ulnar nerve from the arm to the forearm
passes along a groove in the medial epicondyle of the humerus to reach the anterior compartment of the forearm
68
the ulnar nerve runs along the ___ side of the _____ compartment forearm
medial side of the anterior compartment of the forearm
69
what 2 muscles does the ulnar nerve run between the anterior compartment of the forearm
flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial side of flexor digitorum profundus
70
what muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm does the ulnar nerve supply
flexor carpi ulnaris and medial side flexor digitorum profundus
71
the ulnar nerve passes close to what bone to reach the palmar surface of the hand
pisiform
72
does the ulnar nerve pass through the carpal tunnel
no
73
what does the ulnar nerve supply in the hand
many of the intrinsic muscles of the hand and also sensory innervation to the ring and little fingers
74
where is the ulnar artery formed
at or near the cubital fossa as a terminal branch of the branchial artery
75
the ulnar artery runs down the ____ compartment of the forearm
anterior
76
the ulnar artery runs into the hand with
the ulnar nerve
77
the ulnar artery is the major contributor to what
superficial palmar arch of the hand
78
describe the course of the ulnar nerve
(C7) - T1 fibres
medial cord
medial side of arm
groove in medial epicondyle
medial side anterior compartment forearm between FCU and medial side of FDP
supplies these muscles then passes close to pisiform to reach palmar surface of hand
79
the ulnar artery forms what artery in the anterior forearm
common interosseous artery
80
the common interosseous artery divides to form what
anterior and posterior interosseous arteries that lie either side of the interosseous membrane in the forearm
81
where do the anterior and posterior interosseous arteries supply
supply muscles of both the anterior and posterior compartments of the forearm
82
describe the veins of the anterior compartment of the forearm
veins run with the arteries (radial, ulnar, interosseous) and eventually drain into the brachial veins in the arm
83
describe the wrist joint
articulation between the radius ulna and carpal bones
84
what kind of joint is the wrist
synovial condyloid joint
85
what movements can be done at the wrist
```
flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
circumduction
```
86
can you rotate the wrist
no
87
how is the wrist "rotated"
pronation and supination of the forearm
88
the carpal bones are named in
rows - proximal and distal row
89
what are the bones of the proximal row
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral (pisiform)
90
what are the bones of the distal row
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
91
what is seen on hamate
hook-shaped protuberance that acts as an attachment point for flexor retinaculum
92
what attaches onto hamate
flexor retinaculum
93
what is the function of capitate
'keystone' that forces generated by movement pass through
94
what shape is lunate
half moon when seen from lateral side
95
what kind of joints are between the carpal bones of the wrist
synovial plane joints
96
what kind of movement occurs between the bones of the wrist
carpals move slightly to accommodate movements of the hand but stay together to prevent damage to structures that pass through the carpal tunnel
97
what is the rhyme to remember bones of the wrist
```
lateral to medial
proximal row (some lovers try positions)
distal row (that they cannot handle)
```
98
what holds the wrist together
many small ligaments between the carpal bones and by medial (ulnar) and lateral (radial) collateral ligaments
99
what forms the roof of the carpal tunnel
strengthened area of flexor retinaculum
100
the majority of the articulation at the wrist is between what
base of radius and proximal row of carpal bones
101
the distal end of the ulna is much ____ than the distal end of the radius
smaller
102
the distal end of the ulna is associated with what
an articular disc to increase the congruency of the joint on the medial side
103
what is retinaculum
connective tissue that forms bands on the anterior and posterior surfaces of the wrist
104
the carpal tunnel allows the passage of structures across the ___ surface of the wrist joint
anterior
105
what is the medial attachment of the flexor retinaculum
pisiform, hook of hamate
106
what is the lateral attachment of flexor retinaculum
tubercle of scaphoid and ridge on trapezium
107
the strong roof formed by flexor retinaculum helps to do what
keep the long flexor tendons close to the carpal bones
108
what forms the floor of the carpal tunnel
carpal bones
109
where does the tendon of flexor carpi radialis pass through
small space created by flexor retinaculum passing towards trapezium bone
110
the flexor retinaculum also acts as an attachment site for
small intrinsic muscles of the hand found in the thenar and hypothenar eminences
111
what sides are the thenar and hypothenar eminences
thenar - thumb
| hypothenar - little finger side
112
what structures pass through the carpal tunnel
- tendons of flexor digitorum superficialis
- tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
- tendon of flexor pollicis longus
- tendon of flexor carpi radialis
- median nerve
113
will carpal tunnel syndrome affect the blood supply to the hand
no but will affect nerve supply
114
what structures pass through the carpal tunnel
median nerve and
| tendons of FDS, FDP, FCR, FPL
115
do the radial artery and nerve and ulnar artery and nerve pass through carpal tunnel
no
116
how do the ulnar nerve and artery reach the hand
pass over the carpal tunnel to reach palmar surface of hand
117
how does the radial nerve reach the hand
supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm and ends as a superficial sensory branch that passes over the roof of the anatomical snuffbox and into the hand
118
how does the radial artery reach the hand
passes along the lateral side of the anterior compartment of the forearm and through the floor of the anatomical snuffbox before entering hand
