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BMSC Regional Gross Anatomy 1 > Inguinal canal and scrotum > Flashcards

Inguinal canal and scrotum Flashcards

1
Q

how long is the inguinal canal in adults

A

4cm

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2
Q

why is the inguinal canal particularly important in males

A

allows the testes to descend from the abdominal cavity into the scrotum

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3
Q

what nerve is carried in the inguinal canal

A

ilioinguinal nerve

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4
Q

what is carried in the inguinal canal in females

A

round ligament of uterus

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5
Q

the inguinal canal carries the round ligament of the uterus in females from the pelvis to the

A

labia majora

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6
Q

function of the inguinal canal

A

allows the passage of structures from abdominal cavity into inguinal region and from there towards the perineum

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7
Q

describe the course of the ilioinguinal nerve in the inguinal canal

A

travels through part of the canal and exits via the superficial ring

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8
Q

what forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal

A

aponeurosis of external oblique

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9
Q

what is the superficial inguinal ring

A

defect in the aponeurosis of external oblique forming an opening in the inguinal canal

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10
Q

what shape is the inguinal ring and why

A

triangular

due to the shape of the strong sides of the opening - crura

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11
Q

what fascia arises from the edges (crura) of the superficial inguinal ring

A

external spermatic fascia of the spermatic cord that passes to the testes arises from the edges of the superficial ring

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12
Q

base of the superficial inguinal ring formed by the

A

pubic crest

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13
Q

what 2 parts of the inguinal canal does the external oblique form

A

anterior wall of canal

inguinal ligament in floor of canal

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14
Q

why is the inguinal canal easier to see in males

A

follow spermatic cord from scrotum to abdominal wall and point it disappears it is passing through the superficial ring

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15
Q

why is the superficial inguinal ring harder to see in females

A

round ligament of the uterus is fibrous and may blend with wall of the canal

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16
Q

where does the ilioinguinal nerve enter the inguinal canal

A

pierces the posterior wall then travels along to exit at superficial ring

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17
Q

what is the name of the internal entrance of the inguinal canal

A

deep inguinal ring

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18
Q

what is the deep inguinal ring

A

oval opening in the transversalis fascia that forms the posterior wall of the canal

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19
Q

the deep inguinal ring lies more ____ than the superficial ring creating an _____ passage

A

deep inguinal ring lies more lateral than the superficial ring, creating an oblique passage through the wall

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20
Q

what is the advantage of an oblique passage through the wall

A

makes it more difficult for structures to push through the wall (herniate)

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21
Q

where is the deep inguinal ring found

A

half way between the ASIS and the pubic symphysis

1.3cm above the inguinal ligament

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22
Q

what fascia is formed from the edges of the deep inguinal ring

A

internal fascia of the spermatic cord

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23
Q

what does the deep inguinal ring give rise to in females

A

round ligament

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24
Q

describe the path of the inferior epigastric vessels in relation to the deep inguinal ring

A

inferior epigastric vessels that run directly inferior to rectus abdominis, pass to the medial side of the deep ring

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25
what structures pass through the deep inguinal ring in males
contents of the spermatic cord - vas deferens, genital branch of genitofemoral nerve, testicular artery and testicular vein
26
what structures pass through the deep inguinal ring in females
round ligament of the uterus | genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
27
what forms the anterior wall of the inguinal canal
aponeurosis of external oblique
28
how does external oblique form the anterior wall of the inguinal canal
it passes down the abdominal wall towards the pelvis then rolls over on itself to attach to the ASIS and the pubic tubercle
29
how is the inguinal ligament formed
the aponeurosis of the external oblique that attaches between the ASIS and the pubic tubercle thickens
30
what forms the floor of the inguinal canal
inferior rolled edge of external oblique aponeurosis (inguinal ligament) medially the lacunar ligament
31
what forms the roof of the inguinal canal
fibres of internal oblique and transversus abdominis muscles
32
how does the internal oblique contribute to the inguinal canal
supports the lateral part of the anterior wall and also forms roof of canal with transversus abdominis
33
why is the lateral part of the anterior wall supported
corresponds to where the deep inguinal ring lies in the posterior wall of the canal
34
what forms the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
mainly transversalis fascia - some support from the conjoint tendon at the medial end of the canal
35
the conjoint tendon supports an area that corresponds to what
weak area of superficial ring in anterior wall
36
how is the conjoint tendon formed
common insertion of internal oblique and transversus abdominis to pubic crest and pectineal line
37
where does the lacunar ligament travel from the medial end of the inguinal ligament
extends superiorly and posteriorly to the pectineal line
38
what is the pectineal line
superior ramus of pubis
39
free edge of the lacunar ligament forms what
medial margin of the femoral ring
40
the lacunar ligament supports the medial edge of the
femoral ring
41
what is the femoral ring
where the femoral vessels pass into the lower limb
42
where does the lacunar ligament join
the thick periosteum of the pectineal line (pectineal ligament)
43
how is herniation through the inguinal canal prevented
the inguinal rings are offset from eachother instead of directly aligned creating an oblique canal that is more difficult for structures to pass through
44
where is the wall of the inguinal canal strengthened
anterior wall directly anterior to deep ring | posterior wall directly posterior to superficial ring
45
what happens to the canal in situations of increased abdominal pressure e.g. coughing
abdominal wall muscles contract - internal oblique and transversus abdominis contract and flatten canal
46
how is the inguinal canal protected during child birth or defecation
natural squatting position with hips flexed - thighs up onto abdominal wall to protect it
47
what is a hernia
protrusion of tissue from one area to another
48
75% of abdominal hernias are ___
inguinal
49
what often herniates in the inguinal region
loops of intestine
50
what is a complication of intestinal herniation
loops can become compressed or twisted (torsion) leading to a loss of blood supply and necrosis
51
what is an indirect hernia
inguinal canal entered via congenital weakness at deep inguinal ring
52
what is a direct hernia
pushes through weak spot in back of inguinal canal
53
what is a femoral hernia
herniation into back of femoral sheath
54
how can you tell if an inguinal hernia is direct or indirect
push hernia back in and occlude the deep inguinal ring and get patient to cough - if hernia reappears it is direct
55
tx of hernia
surgery to replace/section tissue and put in grid
56
the spermatic cord passes between what
deep inguinal ring and testis
57
the spermatic cord carries structures to and from
the abdomen and scrotum
58
how many layers of fascia does the spermatic cord have
3 concentric layers of fascia
59
what are the layers of fascia of the spermatic cord derived from
anterior abdominal wall
60
what is contained in the spermatic cord
``` vas deferens (plus artery) testicular artery and veins cremasteric artery gential branch of genitofemoral nerve lymph vessels autonomic nerves ```
61
what does the vas deferens carry
sperm away from the testis towards the ejaculatory duct inside the prostate gland
62
how is the inguinal canal formed
part of the peritoneal lining of the abdominal wall forms a pouch that pushes through the abdominal wall creating the inguinal canal
63
how are the coverings of the spermatic cord formed
peritoneal diverticulum called processus vaginalis from L1 through abdominal wall acquiring a tubular sheath from each layer
64
where does the processus vaginalis come from
L1
65
how is the internal spermatic fascia formed
passes through deep inguinal ring (transversalis fascia)
66
what layer does the spermatic cord acquire from the transversus abdominis
no covering from this layer - diverticulum passes under rather than through it
67
as the diverticulum passes through internal oblique it forms
cremaster muscle (fascia)
68
how is the external spermatic fascia formed
as diverticulum passes through external oblique aponeurosis - creates superficial inguinal ring
69
what are the 3 layers of spermatic cord fascia
internal cremaster muscle external
70
the internal spermatic fascia is continuous with what
transversalis fascia
71
the cremaster muscle is continuous with what
internal oblique
72
the external spermatic fascia is continuous with what
external oblique aponeurosis
73
what is the equivalent of the spermatic cord in females
round ligament of uterus
74
what nerve runs within the round ligament
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
75
what is the vas deferens
cord-like muscular duct which transports spermatozoa from the epididymis to the urethra
76
where does the testicular artery come from
L2 branch of aorta
77
what does the testicular artery supply
testes and epididymis
78
describe the venous drainage of the testes
pampiniform plexus from the border of the testis forms a single vein at the level of the deep inguinal ring
79
at what level is a single testicular vein formed from the pampiniform plexus
at/near level of deep inguinal ring
80
where does lymph from testes drain
para-aortic nodes at root of testicular artery
81
describe the autonomic nerves in the spermatic cord
sympathetic on artery from renal or aortic plexuses
82
contents of the spermatic cord
``` vas deferens testicular artery pampiniform plexus autonomic nerves lymph vessels cremasteric artery artery of vas deferens genital branch of genitofemoral nerve ```
83
where does the cremasteric artery come from and go
from inferior epigastric artery | to cremaster fascia
84
where does the artery of the vas deferens come from
inferior vesical
85
what nerve supplies the cremaster muscle
genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
86
the genitofemoral nerve and artery to the cremaster muscle/fascia layer lie where
between cremasteric muscle and internal fascial layers
87
the artery of the vas deferens lies where in the cord
deep
88
why do the testes lie outside the body
sperm cannot develop at core body temperature
89
what is the scrotum
outpouching of skin of abdominal wall
90
what does the scrotum contain
testes epididymis lower end of spermatic cords
91
describe the fascial coverings of the scrotum
superficial fascia continuous with abdominal wall but fat replaced by smooth muscle
92
what is the smooth muscle of the scrotum called
dartos
93
what is scarpa's fascia called in the perineal region
Colles' fascia
94
where does Scarpa's (colles') fascia attach
perineal body and membrane and the ischiopubic rami
95
what fascial layer has the muscle fibres of dartos muscle
camper's
96
what is the function of the cremaster muscle layer
moves scrotum and testes upwards towards the body wall for warmth and protection
97
what is the layer closest to the testis itself
tunica vaginalis - small closed sac that is all that is remaining of the embryological processus vaginalis
98
what are the 3 layers of the spermatic cord
external spermatic fascia cremasteric fascia internal spermatic fascia
99
the external spermatic fascia is derived from
external oblique aponeurosis
100
the cremaster fascia is derived from
internal oblique
101
the internal spermatic fascia is derived from
transversalis fascia
102
why is there no fascial contribution from transversus abdominis
processus vaginalis passes under this layer instead of through
103
where are the testes formed
abdominal region
104
what is the name of the embryological pathway that the testes follow to the scrotum
gabernaculum
105
describe the embryological pathway that the testes follow to the scrotum
descend through abdomen to inguinal region through inguinal canal and into pouch of abdominal wall skin that forms the scrotum
106
why does the same not happen to ovaries in females
ova can develop at core body temperature so ovaries don't need to move away from pelvic cavity, sperm cannot
107
when do the testes move through inguinal canal
7th-8th month
108
how is the gabernaculum formed
mesenchyme cells condense to form gabernaculum through the inguinal canal to the labio-scrotal swelling
109
where is the gabernaculum in females
stuck to uterus
110
what is the name of the fascial band that extends through the inguinal canal to the labia majora
round ligament
111
what is the implication of the round ligament on lymphatic drainage
potential for lymph drainage to superficial inguinal nodes from the area of the uterus to which the round ligament attaches
112
function of the testes
create sperm
113
where is sperm made in testes
seminiferous tubules
114
each seminal vesicle lobule contains how many seminiferous tubules
1-3
115
what surrounds the seminal vesicle lobules and forms septa
tubica albuginea
116
sperm goes from the lobules to
rete testis
117
sperm goes from the rete testis to the epididymis via
efferent ductules
118
the testis are _ degrees cooler than the abdomen
3
119
how is temperature of testes controlled
dartos cremaster heat exchange between artery and veins
120
where is sperm stored and matured
epididymis
121
sperm goes from the epididymis to...
leave testes via the vas deferens
122
what is the path of the vas deferens
passes through the spermatic cord and into the pelvic cavity where it joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the ejaculatory duct (one each side) within the prostate gland
123
how is the ejaculatory duct formed
vas deferens joins with duct of seminal vesicle to form ejaculatory duct in the prostate gland (one each side)
124
lymph from the testis and epididymis drain to
para-aortic nodes at root of testicular artery (L2)
125
lymph from scrotal wall and fascia drain to
superficial inguinal nodes

BMSC Regional Gross Anatomy 1 (30 decks)

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