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Gross Anatomy 1 > Vertebral Column and Muscles > Flashcards

Vertebral Column and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the vertebral column

A

Curved flexible pillar of segmented bone separated by intervertebral discs

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2
Q

What are 5 functions of the vertebral column

A
  1. Muscle attachment
  2. Mobility
  3. Protection
  4. Weight transfer
  5. Haematopoiesis
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3
Q

Name the 5 sections of the vertebral column; how many vertebrae are in each

A
  1. Cervical (8)
  2. Thoracic (12)
  3. Lumbar (7)
  4. Sacral (5 fused to sacrum)
  5. Coccygeal (4 fused to coccyx)
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4
Q

Name the primary curvature

A

Kyphosis (concave anteriorly)

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5
Q

Name the secondary curvature

A

Lordosis (convex anteriorly)

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6
Q

What sections have a kyphosis curve

A

Thoracic and sacral

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7
Q

What sections have a lordosis curve

A

Cervical and lumbar

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8
Q

What is a lateral curvature called

A

Scoliosis; can be postural or pathological

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9
Q

What are the two main sections of a vertebra

A
  1. Vertebral body

2. Vertebral arch; 2 pedicles and 2 laminae

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10
Q

What are the 7 processes of a vertebra

A
  1. 1x spinous process
  2. 2x transverse processes
  3. 4x articular processes
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11
Q

What do the vertebral notches give rise to

A

The spinal nerves entering and exiting the spinal cord

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12
Q

What are the vertebral notches

A

Indentations superior and inferior to the pedicles

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13
Q

What is unique about the C1 vertebra

A

The atlas has no vertebral body or spinous process

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14
Q

Describe the arches of the C1 vertebra

A

It has one anterior and one posterior arch; both have a tubercle in the centre

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15
Q

What area does the skull articulate with the C1 vertebra

A

The occipital condyles; superior articular surfaces

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16
Q

What section of the C2 vertebra articulates with the C1 vertebra

A

The dens/odontoid process which projects upwards from the body

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17
Q

Where does the atlas rotate on the axis

A

Flat superior articular facets

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18
Q

What is the body of the cervical vertebrae called

A

Uncinate process

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19
Q

What is the hole within the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae, and what emerges through them

A

Transverse foramen, and the vertebral arteries which ascend to supply the brain

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20
Q

Where do spinal nerves of the cervical vertebrae path through

A

The groove between the anterior and posterior tubercles of the transverse processes

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21
Q

What is unique about the spinous processes of the cervical vertebrae

A

They are bifid

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22
Q

Where do the rib heads articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

The costal facets; each vertebra (apart from T1) contains a superior and inferior costal facet

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23
Q

Where does the tubercle of each rib articulate with the thoracic vertebrae

A

The transverse costal facet

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24
Q

What is characteristic about the spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae

A

They are very long and slope inferiorly (nearly vertically)

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25
Q

Are the lumbar vertebral bodies larger or smaller than the thoracic vertebral bodies

A

Larger

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26
Q

What arises from the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Accessory processes

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27
Q

What arises from the superior articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Mammillary processes

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28
Q

What direction do the articular facets face

A

Posteromedially and anterolaterally

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29
Q

How many sacral vertebrae fuse together to form the sacrum

A

Normally 5

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30
Q

Which side of the sacrum is smooth, and which side is rougher

A 
Smooth = anterior (facing pelvic viscera)
Rough = posterior (lots of sites of muscle and ligament attachment)
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31
Q

What is the median crest of the sacrum and remnant of

A

Spinous processes of the old sacral vertebrae

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32
Q

What is the intermediate crest of the sacrum and remnant of

A

Articular processes of the old sacral vertebrae

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33
Q

What is the lateral crest of the sacrum and remnant of

A

Transverse processes of the old sacral vertebrae

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34
Q

How many vertebrae have fused to form the coccyx

A

~4 rudimentary coccygeal vertebrae

35
Q

What is at the superior end of the coccyx

A

The coccygeal cornu

36
Q

What joints are located between the vertebral bodies

A

Secondary cartilaginous; IV discs

37
Q

What joints are located between the articular processes

A

Plane synovial; called zygapophysial joints

38
Q

What structure is located around the IV discs

A

The analus fibrosis

39
Q

What is located in the central compartment of the IV discs

A

Nucleus pulposus; this is a remnant of the notochord

40
Q

What happens to the IV discs as you flex the vertebral column (opposite for extension)

A

Anterior aspect of the IV disc will narrow, and the posterior aspect will expand

41
Q

What proportion of the length of the vertebral column is made up of the IV discs

A

Roughly 1/4

42
Q

What do the superficial extrinsic muscles of the back connect to

A

The appendicular skeleton

43
Q

What do the intermediate extrinsic muscles of the back acts as

A

Superficial respiratory muscles

44
Q

Name the 5 superficial extrinsic muscles of the back

A
  1. Trapezius
  2. Latissimus dorsi
  3. Rhomboid major
  4. Rhomboid minor
  5. Levator scapulae
45
Q

What does the nuchal ligament attach to

A

Joins all the cervical spinous processes to the base of the skull

46
Q

Where does the trapezius muscle attach and converge to

A

Attaches to the nuchal line and the spinous processes of C7-T12; converges to the clavicle, acromion process and spine of scapula

47
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius muscle

A

The accessory nerve (CN XI)

48
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle attach to posteriorly

A
  1. Spinous processes of T7-T12 vertebra
  2. Thoracolumbar fascia
  3. Iliac crest
  4. Lower 3/4 ribs
49
Q

Where does the latissimus dorsi muscle converge to

A

The edge of the bicipital groove of the humerus

50
Q

What nerve innervates the latissimus dorsi muscle; and what is its root value

A

The thoracodorsal nerce; C6-C8

51
Q

Where does the rhomboid major muscle attach and pass to

A

The spinous processes of T2-T5 -> medial border of the scapula

52
Q

Where does the rhomboid minor muscle attach and pass to

A

The nuchal ligament and spinous processes of C7-T1 -> medial end of the scapular spine

53
Q

What nerve innervates the rhomboid muscles, and what is its innervation

A

Dorsal scapular nerve; C4, C5

54
Q

Where does the levator scapulae muscle attach, and pass to

A

Posterior tubercles of the transverse processes of C1-C4 -> medial border of the scapula (above the spine)

55
Q

What nerves innervate the levator scapulae, and what are there innervation

A

Cervical nerves (C3, C4) and the dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

56
Q

Name the 2 intermediate extrinsic muscles

A
  1. Serratus posterior superior

2. Serratus posterior inferior

57
Q

Where does the serratus posterior superior muscle attach, and pass to

A

Nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T3 -> superior borders of ribs 2-4

58
Q

What nerves innervate the serratus posterior superior

A

Intercostal nerves 2-5

59
Q

Where does the serratus posterior inferior muscle attach, and pass to

A

Spinous processes of T11-L2 -> inferior borders of ribs 8-12

60
Q

What nerves innervate the serratus posterior inferior muscle

A

Anterior rami of T9-T12

61
Q

What do the deep muscles of the back act upon

A
  1. Maintain posture

2. Control movements of the vertebral column

62
Q

What are all of the deep muscles of the back supplied by (nerves)

A

Posterior rami of the spinal nerves

63
Q

What are the 3 layers of intrinsic muscles of the back (and name the muscles found in the groups)

A
  1. Superficial (splenius muscles)
  2. Intermediate (erector spinae group)
  3. Deep (many small muscles)
64
Q

Name the two splenius muscles

A
  1. Splenius capitis

2. Splenius cervicis

65
Q

Where do the splenius muscles travel from

A

Nuchal ligament and the spinous processes of C7-T3/4

66
Q

Where does the splenius capitis travel to

A

Mastoid process and lateral 1/3 of the superior nuchal line

67
Q

Where does the splenius cervicis travel to

A

Tubercles of transverse processes of C1-T3/4

68
Q

Name the 3 columns of intermediate intrinsic muscles (lateral to medial)

A
  1. Iliocostalis
  2. Longissimus
  3. Spinalis
69
Q

What is the proximal attachment of all 3 intermediate intrinsic muscles

A
  1. Posterior iliac crest
  2. Posterior sacrum and sacroiliac ligaments
  3. Spinous processes of sacral and lower lumbar vertebrae
  4. Supraspinous ligament
70
Q

What are the 3 parts of the iliocostalis muscle

A
  1. Lumborum
  2. Thoracis
  3. Cervicis
71
Q

What are the 3 parts of the longissimus muscle

A
  1. Thoracis
  2. Cervicis
  3. Capitis
72
Q

What are the 3 parts of the spinalis muscle

A
  1. Thoracis
  2. Cervicis
  3. Capitis
73
Q

What is the attachment site of the ilicostalis muscle

A

Angles of lower ribs and the cervical transverse processes

74
Q

What is the attachment site of the longissimus muscle

A

Ribs (between angles and tubercles), thoracic and cervical transverse processes, and mastoid process

75
Q

What is the attachment site of the spinalis muscle

A

Upper thoracic spinous process and the cranium

76
Q

Name the 6 deep intrinsic muscles

A
  1. Semispinalis
  2. Multifidis
  3. Rotatores
  4. Levator costarum
  5. Interspinale
  6. Intertransversari
77
Q

What are the 3 parts of the semispinalis muscle

A
  1. Thoracis
  2. Cervicis (most obvious)
  3. Capitis
78
Q

Where does the semispinalis muscle travel from, and to

A

Transverse processes of C4-T12 -> occipital bone and thoracic and cervical spinous processes

79
Q

Where do muscle fibres of the multifidis muscle pass to; where is it thickest

A

Superomedially to spinous processes of vertebrae 2-4 spaces above; lumbar region

80
Q

Where do muscle fibres of the rotatores muscle pass to; where is it thickest

A

Superomedially to the junction of lamina and transverse processes 1/2 vertebrae above; thoracic region

81
Q

Where does the levator costarum pass from, and to

A

Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae -> inferiorly onto the upper borders of the ribs

82
Q

Where does the interspinale muscle pass between; where is it most developed

A

Between adjacent spinous processes; cervical and lumbar regions

83
Q

Where does the intertransversarii muscle pass between; where is it most developed

A

Between adjacent transverse processes; cervical and lumbar regions

Gross Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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