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Gross Anatomy 1 > Superior and Posterior Mediastinum > Flashcards

Superior and Posterior Mediastinum Flashcards

1
Q

Where does the transverse thoracic plane run from to

A

The sternal angle to the intervertebral space between T4 and T5

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2
Q

What are the 5 boundaries of the superior mediastinum

A
  1. Manubrium
  2. Bodies of T1-T4
  3. Thoracic inlet
  4. Parietal pleura
  5. Transverse thoracic plane
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3
Q

What are the 7 contents of the superior mediastinum (starting with the most anterior)

A
  1. Thymus
  2. Brachiocephalic veins and SVC
  3. Arch of aorta
  4. Trachea
  5. Oesophagus
  6. Phrenic and vagus nerves
  7. Lymphatics
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4
Q

What drains into the great vessels of the superior mediastinum

A

Head, neck and the upper limb; empties into the SVC

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5
Q

What 3 branches come off the arch of the aorta

A
  1. Brachiocephalic trunk
  2. Left common carotid artery
  3. Left subclavian artery
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6
Q

What nerve branches from the vagus nerves

A

The left and right recurrent laryngeal

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7
Q

Where does the right vagus nerve run in the superior mediastinum

A

It runs anterior to the right subclavian artery

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8
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve run in the superior mediastinum

A

It loops under the subclavian artery

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9
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve run in the superior mediastinum

A

It runs between the left common carotid and left subclavian arteries

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10
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve run in the superior mediastinum

A

It loops under the arch of the aorta; posterior to the ligamentum arteriosum

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11
Q

Is the vagus nerve part of the sympathetic or the parasympathetic nervous system

A

Parasympathetic

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12
Q

What plexus’ branch from the vagus nerve and where are they located

A
  1. Cardiac plexus; deep to aortic arch
  2. Right pulmonary plexus; right bronchi
  3. Left pulmonary plexus; left bronchi
  4. Oesophageal plexus; surface of the oesophagus
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13
Q

What vagal trunk arises from the left and right vagal nerves

A
  1. Left vagal nerve forms the anterior vagal trunk

2. Right vagal nerve forms the posterior vagal trunk

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14
Q

What is the root value of the phrenic nerve

A

Anterior rami C3, C4, and C5

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15
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve run in the superior mediastinum

A

Alongside the right brachiocephalic vein, the SVC and the pericardium over the right atrium

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16
Q

Where does the right phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm

A

Near the caval opening

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17
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve run in the superior mediastinum

A

In between the left subclavian artery and vein, to the left of the aortic arch and onto the surface of the pericardium over the left atrium

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18
Q

Where does the left phrenic nerve pierce the diaphragm

A

To the left of the pericardium

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19
Q

What information and innervation does the phrenic nerve provide to the superior mediastinum

A
  1. Motor innervation to the diaphragm

2. Sensory information to the fibrous pericardium

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20
Q

Where does the trachea run from to

A

Begins at C6/7 and runs to the carina at T4/5

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21
Q

What muscle is in the posterior section of the trachea

A

Trachealis muscle

22
Q

What is the oesophagus a continuation of and where does it begin

A

The pharynx and at C6

23
Q

Describe the positioning and route of the oesophagus

A

Initially it lies to the right of the aorta, then it crosses anteriorly prior to piercing the diaphragm at T10

24
Q

Where are the 3 constrictions of the oesophagus

A
  1. Arch of aorta
  2. Left bronchus
  3. Diaphragm
25
Q

What are the 4 boundaries of the posterior mediastinum

A
  1. Transverse thoracic plane
  2. Bodies of T5-T12
  3. Pericardium and diaphragm
  4. Parietal pleura
26
Q

Where does the descending aorta become the thoracic aorta

A

At T4/5

27
Q

Where does the thoracic aorta become the abdominal aorta

A

After piercing the diaphragm through the aortic hiatus

28
Q

What do the anterior branches of the thoracic aorta supply

A

The organs and tissues within the thoracic cavity (oesophagus, pericardium & bronchi)

29
Q

What do the posterolateral branches of the thoracic aorta supply

A

The thoracic wall (posterior intercostal arteries)

30
Q

What are the 5 main branches of the thoracic aorta

A
  1. Oesophagus
  2. Pericardium
  3. Bronchi
  4. Thoracic wall
  5. Diaphragm
31
Q

What does the azygous venous system drain

A

The posterior abdominal wall and the thoracic wall

32
Q

What thoracic wall veins drain directly into the azygous vein

A
  1. Right posterior intercostal veins 2-11

2. Right subcostal vein

33
Q

Where does the 1st right posterior intercostal vein drain

A

Directly into the right brachiocephalic vein

34
Q

What thoracic wall veins drain directly into the left brachiocephalic vein

A

Left posterior intercostal veins 1-4

35
Q

What veins drain into the accessory hemiazygous vein

A

The left posterior intercostal veins 5-8; and then into the azygous vein

36
Q

What veins drain into the hemiazygous vein

A

The left posterior intercostal veins 9-11 plus the left subcostal vein; and then into the azygous vein

37
Q

Describe the pathway of the thoracic duct

A

Ascends up the right hand side of the vertebral column and wraps around the left internal jugular vein

38
Q

Where does the thoracic duct empty into the venous system

A

At the junction of the left internal jugular and left subclavian veins; called the left venous angle

39
Q

What are splanchnic nerves

A

Nerves coming from the sympathetic chain providing innervation to the abdominal viscera

40
Q

What is the root value of the greater splanchic nerve

A

T5-T9 ganglia

41
Q

What is the root value of the lesser splanchnic nerve

A

T10-T11 ganglia

42
Q

What is the root value of the least splanchnic nerve

A

T12 ganglion

43
Q

What ganglia does the greater splanchnic nerve supply

A
  1. Coeliac

2. Superior mesenteric

44
Q

What ganglia does the lesser splanchnic nerve supply

A
  1. Superior mesenteric

2. Aorticorenal

45
Q

What ganglia does the least splanchnic nerve supply

A

Aorticorenal

46
Q

At what vertebra does the IVC pierce the diaphragm and what is the opening called

A

T8 and the caval opening

47
Q

At what vertebra does the oesophagus and vagal trunk pierce the diaphragm, and what is the opening called

A

T10 and the oesophageal hiatus

48
Q

At what vertebra does the aorta, thoracic duct and azygous vein pierce the diaphragm, and what is the opening called

A

T12 and the aortic hiatus

49
Q

At what vertebra do the greater and lesser splanchnic nerves pierce the diaphragm, and where do they pierce it

A

T12 and through openings in the crura

50
Q

At what vertebra does the least splanchnic nerve and the sympathetic trunk pierce the diaphragm, and where do they pierce it

A

T12 and behind the medial acruate ligament

Gross Anatomy 1 (18 decks)

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