Vertebral column Flashcards
What makes up the vertebral arch?
right and left pedicle and right and left lamina
What makes up the vertebral foreamen?
complete circle from body to pedicle to lamina to pedicle and back to body
Where does the spinal nerve exit the spinal column?
intervertebral foreamen
What movement does the spinous process limit?
extension
What movement does the transverse process limit?
abduction
Why are the cervical vertebra highly mobile?
thick discs and small bodies
What runs through the transverse foramen of cervical vertebrae?
vertebral artery and veins
What is the uncinate process?
elevated superior epiphyseal rim anterior and laterally
What movements do the uncinate process allow and limit?
allows flexion/extension and limits abduction
What is the spinous process of C3-C6 called?
bifid (forked) spinous process
What is the vertebra prominens?
name for C7 due to its long spinous process that is easily observed and palpated
What is special about C1 (Atlas)?
has no body or spinous process which allows for head rotation
What transmits weight of head to C2?
lateral masses on C1
What forms the pivot for alantoaxial joint?
dens or odontoid process of C2
What movements are likely at a transverse oriented joint?
flexion/extension, ab/adduction, rotation
What movements are likely at a sagittal oriented joint?
flexion/extension, it blocks ab/adduction
What movements are likely at a coronally oriented joint?
ab/adduction, blocks flexion/extension
What movements occur at a thoracic intervertebral joint?
rotation because ribs articulate with body and limit ab/adduction
What is the orientation of the thoracic intervertebral joint?
coronally oriented
Why do the lumbar vertebrae support a lot of weight?
they have massive bodies
What is the orientation of superior lumbar (T12 - L1) articular processes?
sagittal orientation - allows for flexion/extension and blocks rotation
What is the orientation of inferior lumbar vertebra?
coronally orientation - allows for ab/adduction and limits flexion/extension
What forms the synovial part of the SI joint?
auricular surface - lateral/anterior surfaces of upper sacrum that articulates with hip bones
What forms the fibrous, syndesmosis part of the SI joint?
sacral tuberosity - lateral/posterior surfaces of upper sacrum that articulates with hip bones
What type of joint are the intervertebral discs?
symphysis type of cartilaginous joint
What do thicker discs allow for?
greater ROM
What movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament restrict?
extension of vertebral column
What does the posterior longitudinal ligament restrict?
hyperflexion
Where do you flex and extend vertebral column?
cervical and superior lumbar
Where do you abduct vertebral column?
cervical and inferior lumbar
Where do you rotate vertebral column?
cervical, thoracic, and inferior lumbar
What ligaments interconnect adjacent lamina and what movement do they limit?
ligamenta flava and limit flexion
What ligaments interconnect adjacent spinous processes and what movement do they limit?
interspinous ligaments and limit flexion
What ligament interconnect tips of spinous process?
supraspinous ligaments
What ligament interconnects spinous processes from occipital bone through cervical vertebrae and what movement does it restrict?
nuchal ligament and restricts flexion
What ligaments interconnect the transverse processes of adjacent vertebra and what movements does it restrict?
intertransverse ligaments and restricts ab/adduction
What is the primary movement at atlantooccipital joint?
flexion/extension; yes movement
What holds the dens to the anterior arch of C1?
transverse ligament of atlas
What connects the transverse ligament to occipital bone and body of C2?
superior and inferior longitudinal bands - forms a cross with transverse ligament (cruciate ligament)
What connects dens to lateral foramen magnum?
alar ligaments
What is the tectoral membrane?
continuation of posterior longitudinal ligament that passes through vertebral foramen of C2 and C1
What are the functions of the curvatures of the spine?
- shock absorption
- flexibility
- balance in upright stance
What does the anterior sacroiliac ligament do?
stabilize and holds sacrum to ilium of hip bone
What does the posterior sacroiliac ligament do?
limit depression (wedging) of sacrum
What ligaments limit posterior tilt of sacrum/coccyx?
sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments
What ligament prevents L5 from skiing off the slope?
iliolumbar ligament
What part of vertebral column do the vertebral arteries serve?
cervical
What part of the vertebral column do the posterior intercostal arteries serve?
thoracic
What part of the vertebral column do the lumbar arteries serve?
lumbar
What are extrinsic back muscles?
muscles that attach to scapula and humerus to move the arm
What innervates the extrinsic back muscles?
ventral rami
List the superficial extrinsic back muscles
- trapezius
- latissimus dorsi
- rhomboids
- levator scapulae
List the intermediate extrinsic back muscles
serratus posterior superior and inferior
What innervates the intrinsic back muscles?
dorsal rami
What is the proximal attachment of splenius cervicis and capitis?
lower cervical and upper thoracic spinous process and ligamentum nuchae
What is the distal attachment of splenius cervicis?
upper cervical transverse processes
What is the distal attachment of splenius capitis?
mastoid process of temporal bone
What are the movements of splenius capitis and cervicis?
bilateral extender and unilateral ab/adductor and rotator of head (capitis) and neck (cervicis)
What is the order from outside in to spinal cord?
1 - vertebral column 2 - epidural space 3 - dural mater 4 - arachnoid space 5 - pia mater
Where is CSF in the spinal canal?
subarachnoid space; between arachnoid and pia mater
What holds the spinal cord to the arachnoid mater?
denticulate ligaments and filum terminal
Where does the spinal cord end?
conus medullaris between L1 and L2
