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Anatomy LE > Vertebrae part 1 > Flashcards

Vertebrae part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

How is the vert bound together

A

Bound together by deformable discs

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2
Q

Function of the vert

A

Provides a rigid but flexible axis for movement

Provides a firm base for suspending structures
allow body to maintain cavities with relative constant shape and size

Provides protection for spinal cord

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3
Q

Vertebral Columnand its 3 pillars of support

A

1 major pillar located anteriorly

2 minor pillars located posteriorly

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4
Q

1 major pillar

A

joined together by intervertebral discs forming a continuous flexible pillar

Central axis of body
j

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5
Q

2 minor pillars

A

Stacking of articular processes joined together at synovial joints

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6
Q

section of the vert

A

C7
T12
L5
S5 fussed
C4 fused

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7
Q

Spinal Curves

A

Kyphotic Curves
Lordotic Curves

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8
Q

Kyphotic Curves

A

Thoracic and sacral regions

Primary curves

Regions of greatest stability

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9
Q

Lordotic Curves

A

Cervical and lumbar regions
Secondary curves
Regions of greatest mobility
Enhance weightbearing function of vert. column

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10
Q

the lumbar curve at birth

A

it is a Kyphotic Curve but as we process form crawling it transition to a lordotic curve and allows for more mobility

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11
Q

Cervical Spine

A

Axial skeleton of the neck

Supports and moves the head - sensory platform

7 cervical vertebrae in humans

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12
Q

what does sensory platform in the cervical spine mean

A

Both of our eyes are straight ahead w/o the cervical spire we cannot see shit

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13
Q

Thoracic Spine

A

Suspends the ribs

Supports the respiratory cavity

12 thoracic vertebrae in humans

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14
Q

Lumbar Spine

A

Lies opposite the abdominal cavity

Allows mobility between the thorax and pelvis

5 lumbar vertebrae in humans

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15
Q

Sacrum

A

Lies opposite the pelvic cavity

Unites vertebral column with pelvic girdle

5 fused sacral vertebrae

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16
Q

Coccyx

A

Rudimentary structure in humans- start with a tail and this is gone with time

Lends support to pelvic floor

Fused bodies of 3 to 5 coccygeal vertebrae in humans

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17
Q

Vertebral Body bone type

A

Thick core of trabecular bone

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18
Q

Vertebral Body function

A

Functions in supporting and distributing weight

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19
Q

Vertebral endplates

A

Superior and inferior surfaces of trabecular bone covered with hyaline cartilage

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20
Q

Ring Apophyses of the vert body

A

(Epiphyses)

Apophyses-ring surrounding the cortical bone, on the top and the bottom

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21
Q

spongy bone of the vert body stress

A

The crisscrossing of spongy bone is showing the strong parts of the bone

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22
Q

Vertebral Arch- vertebral foramen

A

Forms vertebral foramen together with vertebral body and protects the neural tissues

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23
Q

vertebral foramen shape

A

Foramen is triangular in cervical, lumbar and sacral regions and circular in thoracic

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24
Q

Vertebral Arch bone type

A

Made up of primarily cortical bone

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25
Q

Pedicles form what

A

Superior and inferior concavities form intervertebral foramen

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26
Q

intervertebral foramen

A

transmission of spinal nerves
> Ant border- vertebral joint
> Posterior – facet joint

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27
Q

Pedicles location

A

Form ventral part of vertebral arch

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28
Q

spurring of vertbral joints issues

A

Spurring can move into intervertebral Foremen

You can also get a disc herniation in the discs which can lead to encroachment into foremen

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29
Q

Laminae

A

Extend dorsally and fuse in midline

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30
Q

Spinous Process local

A

Projects dorsally from junction between two laminae

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31
Q

Spinous Process function

A

Function as levers for back extensors

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32
Q

Spinous Process differnce through regions

A

Shape and inclination varies with region

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33
Q

Cervical SP

A

thin and horizontal

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34
Q

Thoracic SP

A

long with downward inclination

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35
Q

Lumbar SP

A

thick and horizontal

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36
Q

Articular Processes location

A

Extend from junctions of pedicles and laminae

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37
Q

Paired Articular Processes

A

Superior articular processes

Inferior articular processes

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38
Q

Orientation of articular porcesses

A

Orientation varies with vertebral region

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39
Q

Pars Interarticularis

A

Region between superior and inferior articular processes

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40
Q

Spondylolysis

A

has to do with Pars Interarticularis
– defect in pars

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41
Q

Spondylolisthesis

A

– ant. displacement

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42
Q

Transverse Processes

A

Project from junctions between pedicles and laminae

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43
Q

Sacrum

A

Wedge shaped

Formed by fusion of 5 sacral vertebrae

Concave ventrally and convex dorsally

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44
Q

Sacral base - Sacral promontory

A

ventral projection of the S1 vert body

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45
Q

Sacral Base - Superior articular processes

A

art w/ the inferior art processes of S5

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46
Q

Sacral Base

A

Sacral promontory

Superior articular processes

Ala

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47
Q

Ala

A

the upper part of the lateral part of sacrum, lateral to the first sacral vertebra

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48
Q

Sacral Canal

A

Triangular shape, contains cauda equina

4 pairs of IVF communicate with 4 pairs of pelvic sacral foramina and 4 pairs of dorsal sacral foramina

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49
Q

Dorsal Surface of Sacrum

A

Sacral crests - median, intermediate and lateral

Sacral hiatus

Sacral cornua

Inferior lateral angles

50
Q

Lateral Surface of Sacrum - Auricular surface

A

Covered with hyaline cartilage

Articulates with innominate bone

51
Q

Lateral Surface of Sacrum- Areas of ligamentous attachment

A
52
Q

Median Sacral crests

A

formed by fusion of sacral SPs;
4 spinous tubercles project from crest

53
Q

Intermediate sacral crests

A

represent fused articular processes

54
Q

Lateral sacral crests

A

represent fused TPs

55
Q

Sacral hiatus

A

hole at the bottom - the 5 vert did not fuse

56
Q

S1 vert body males vs. females

A

larger in males (x)

57
Q

Ala of the sacrum

A

large in Females (Y)
larger pelvic cavity

58
Q

Transitional Vertebrae

A

Vertebra has some features of both adjacent spinal segments

Typically occurs where morphology of vertebra markedly changes from one level to the next
cervicothoracic
thoracolumbar
lumbosacral

59
Q

Transitional Vertebrae - Sacralization

A

L5 (or part of L5) fuses to sacrum

when L5 takes on some of the features of S1

Can get synovial joints forming w/ the sacrum or fusing

Common

60
Q

Transitional Vertebra - Lumbarization

A

Imcomplete fusion of S1 to rest of sacrum

less common

61
Q

anthropolgy

A

anthropolgy

62
Q

Intervertebral Discs location

A

Interposed between adjacent vertebrae from C2/3 to L5/S1

63
Q

Intervertebral Discs height of the column

A

20% to 33% of height of vertebral column

64
Q

anterior elements of the vert is composed of

A

vert. bodies + Intervertebral Discs

65
Q

Whats is between C1 and C2

A

not a inter - disct

66
Q

does the size of intervertebral​ disc change

A

yes thicker in the lumbar region beacsue of more pressure in this location

67
Q

what are Intervertebral Discs made out of

A

Fibrocartilaginous

68
Q

what is the main function of the Intervertebral Discs

A

Major compression-bearing structures

69
Q

parts of the Intervertebral Discs

A

Nucleus pulposus

Annulus fibrosis

70
Q

Nucleus Pulposus made out of

A

part of the intervertebral disc

Fine fibrous strands in a proteoglycan gel

71
Q

Properties of Nucleus Pulposus

A

viscoelasticity and water imbibement

72
Q

Imbibement in the necleus pulpsus

A

Imbibement of water – take in water and swells, being able to preload the disc
Compressing the disc to get rid of the water

73
Q

viscoelasticity of nucleus pulposus

A

the timing of the applied force will affect how the muscle responds

74
Q

Nucleus Pulposus with age

A

By end of first decade, gel begins to be replaced by fibrocartilage

Eventually (about 60 yrs), nucleus pulposus cannot be distinguished from annulus fibrosus (Sylven)

75
Q

What does age do to immbibment

A

Compromises disc’s ability for water imbibement and viscoelasticity

76
Q

Annulus Fibrosis Composition

A

outer ring

Concentric laminated bands of fibrocartilage and collagenous fibers

77
Q

Attachments of Annulus Fibrosis

A

Inner fibers into cartilaginous endplates

Outer fibers into ring apophyses (Sharpey’s fibers)

78
Q

where is the Annulus Fibrosis best studied

A

lumbar spine

79
Q

Annulus Fibrosis fiber orietation

A

obliquely to plane of disc

Fibers within same lamina are parallel with each other

Fibers of adjacent laminae are oriented in different directions

Posteriorly, laminae join with each other and fibers run vertically

80
Q

Annulus Fibrosis with age

A

Degenerative changes begin after second decade

Fibers lose elasticity (especially posterior fibers)

So vulnerable to tearing

81
Q

Cervical Discs Nucleus Pulposus

A

NP fills less than 25% of disc volume at birth and becomes fibrocartilaginous after 2nd decade

82
Q

Cervical Discs Annulus Fibrosis

A

Fibers of AF are not organized in separate laminae, but interweave

Posterolaterally (at uncovertebral jts.), no AF

Ant. AF major stabilizer in C-spine

83
Q

Intervertebral Joint type of joint

A

Symphysis

Disc forms bond between 2 adjacent vertebrae

84
Q

Deformation of disc at the intervertebral joint

A

permits movement between vertebral bodies

Amount of movement directly related to size of disc

85
Q

Anterior Ligaments of Intervertebral Joint

A

Anterior longitudinal lig.

86
Q

posterior ligament of inervertebral joint

A

Posterior longitudinal lig.

87
Q

Anterior Longitudinal Ligament

A

Runs from basilar part of occiput to S1 on anterior aspect of vertebral column

88
Q

Thickness of ant longitudinal​ ligment ​

A

Thickness varies according to region

89
Q

cervical spine Anterior Longitudinal

A

Thin and narrow in cervical spine

90
Q

thoracic spine Anterior Longitudinal

A

Thick and broad

91
Q

lumbar spine Anterior Longitudinal

A

Broad but thin in lumbar spine, blending with crura of diaphragm

92
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament location

A

Runs from body of axis to S1 along posterior aspect of vertebral bodies

93
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament forms what

A

Forms protective barrier between spinal cord and vertebral column

94
Q

lumbar region of the longitudinal​ ligament

A

Narrow and denticulated in lumbar region.
Implications for posterolateral disc herniations.
Spread out and attach to the intervert discs
Weakened are of the intervert in the lumbar spine

95
Q

denticulated meaning

A

Triangular shaped ligaments that anchor the spinal cord along its length, at each side, to the dura mater

96
Q

posterolateral disc herniations in the lumbar back

A

Herniation can encroach on a spinal nerve because the discs are moving into the spinal nerve space

97
Q

Posterior Longitudinal Ligament when Narrow and denticulated in lumbar region.

A

Implications for posterolateral disc herniations.
Spread out and attach to the intervert discs
Weakened are of the intervert in the lumbar spine

98
Q

Facet Joints over all

A

Synovial joints formed between sup. and inf. articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

99
Q

Facet Joints enclosed by

A

Enclosed by fibrous joint capsule

100
Q

Facet Joint Orientation in the Upper Cervical

A

Oriented in transverse plane
Movement- rotation

101
Q

Lower Cervical Facet Joint Orientation

A

Oriented between frontal and transverse planes
Movement – lateral flexion and rotation (coupled – at the same time)

102
Q

Facet Joint Orientation Thoracic

A

Oriented in frontal plane
Movement- side bending

103
Q

Facet Joint Orientation Upper Lumbar

A

Oriented in sagittal plane
Movement – flex and extension

104
Q

Facet Joint Lower Lumbar

A

Oriented between sagittal and frontal planes
Movement- F and E and resist and anterior displacement

105
Q

Facet Joint Capsule

A

Strongest of posterior ligaments

Fairly loose (more so in cervical spine)

Reinforced ventrally by ligamentum flavum and laterally by intertransverse ligaments

106
Q

Ligaments of Vertebral Arch

A

Ligamentum flavum
Supraspinous ligament
Interspinous ligament
Nuchal ligament
Intertransverse ligaments

107
Q

Ligamentum Flavum Connects

A

laminae of adj. vert. from C1 to sacrum

108
Q

Ligamentum Flavum is thickcess where​

A

Thickest in L-spine

109
Q

Ligamentum Flavum is compsoed of

A

Yellow elastic tissue

Accommodates large changes in intralaminar distance during flexion and extension

Loses elasticity with age – this can be a problem

110
Q

Intertransverse Ligaments location and movement

A

Extend between adjacent transverse processes

Blend with intertransverse muscles

111
Q

Supraspinous Ligament location

A

Extends from C7 to sacrum (or L5)

112
Q

Supraspinous Ligament connects to what

A

Connects tips of SPs

113
Q

Supraspinous Ligament thicker where

A

Thicker in L-spine, blending with adjacent fascia

114
Q

Interspinous Ligament location

A

Extends between adjacent SPs from C7-S1

115
Q

Interspinous Ligament thickess where

A

Thickest in L-spine, fibers having a dorsorostral (diagonal and up) orientation

116
Q

is Interspinous Ligament lacking in any section

A

Lacking in C-spine

117
Q

Interspinous Ligament composition

A

Thin, compared to supraspinous ligament

118
Q

Nuchal Ligament location

A

Extends from C7 to occiput connecting cervical spinous processes

119
Q

Nuchal Ligament 2 parts

A

Midline raphe and midline fascial septum

120
Q

Midline raphe

A

for origins of trapezius, splenius capitis and rhomboid minor

121
Q

midline fascial septum

A

deeper

separates semispinalis capitis

Anatomy LE (13 decks)

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