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Anatomy LE > bones > Flashcards

bones Flashcards

1
Q

bone vascularization

A

highly vascularized

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2
Q

how many bone are there in the human skeletal

A

206

126 app
80 axial

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3
Q

cells of bones

A

osteo - cytes, blast, clast

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4
Q

osteoid

A

part of the ECM that is not calcified yet

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5
Q

ECM in bone

A

fiborous organic matrix permitted by inorganic salts

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6
Q

Osteocyte

A

mature bone cells, and are the adult version of osteoblasts.

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7
Q
  • Osteoblasts
A

make bone tissue

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8
Q
  • Osteoclasts
A

cells that break down bone matrix

necessary for bone maturation and bone healing

remove bone that we do not need

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9
Q

where do we see bones cells

A

embedded in the ECM

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10
Q

periosteum

A

the membrane of blood vessels and nerves that wraps around most of your bones

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11
Q

is the periosteum everywhere on the bone

A

no not on the articular surface of the bone

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12
Q

periosteum in young bone

A

thick and vascularized

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13
Q

what happens to the bone if it loses periosteum

A

subject to necrosis

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14
Q

types of bone

A

compact/cortical

trabecular/spongy/cancellous

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15
Q
  • Cortical/compact bone force
A

resisting torsional, or rotational stress

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16
Q
  • Cortical/compact bone local
A

surrounds spongy bone

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17
Q

Haversian system

A

functional unit of the compact bone

Haversian canal surrounded by concentric layers of compact bone tissue called lamellae

Metabolically active; the osteoblasts and osteoclasts are active

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18
Q
  • Trabecular bone other names
A

spongy
cancellous

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19
Q

Trabecular bone force

A

compressive forces

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20
Q

Trabecular bone

A

the interior of mature bone

less dense than cortical bone

weaker than cortical bone

Highly vascular

Often contains bone marrow

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21
Q

How is spongy bone laid down in response to stress

A

disposed on line of stress of greatest compression - wolfs law

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22
Q

What happens if there is Decreased stress on the bone

A

bone will become weaker and lose density.

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23
Q

What is the response to stress does spongy or cortical bone change more

A

Primary change occurs in the trabecular bone.

Cortical bone can also remodel and become thicker

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24
Q

A reduction in bone density is called

A

Osteopenia

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25
Q

more force =

A

more bone

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26
Q

less force =

A

less bone

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27
Q

Principal compressive group in the femur

A

Supporting Bundle

From head of femur to inf neck

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28
Q

Secondary compressive group

A

Trochanteric Bundle

From lesser to greater trochanter

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29
Q

Principal tensile group

A

Arcuate Bundle

From inf greater trochanter to femoral head

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30
Q

Ward’s Triangle (Zone of Weakness):

A

area in the proximal femur that is particularly at risk for fracture

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31
Q

what do the proportions of cortical and trabecular bone depend on

A

The function of the bone

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32
Q

long bones

A

Thick cylinder of compact bone with few trabeculae lining inner surface

Expanded articular ends

femur

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33
Q

short bones

A

Small geometric shapes

trabecular bone covered by only a thin layer of compact bone – therefore, they’re well-suited to withstand compression

tarsals in the foot

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34
Q

flats bones

A

Thin compact layer surrounds inner layer of trabecular bone

Protective function

often play important roles in protecting other organs- the bones in in your cranium help protect the brain

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35
Q

Irregular Bones

A

Depending on their location and function, the proportion of trabecular to cortical bone varies

Thick trabecular bone where compression forces are greatest
Thick compact bone where torsional forces are greatest

vertebrae in your spine - Compression forces are very strong

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36
Q

Sesamoid Bones

A

Located within tendons - Housed entirely within tendons

alter the line of pull of a muscle, to give it more mechanical advantage.

patella - lives within the tendon of the quadriceps muscle

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37
Q

Bony Prominences

A

Protuberances on surfaces of bone

Site of mm attachment
Alters line of pull of mm

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38
Q

Endochondral ossification

A

Most bone develops according to the endochondral ossification method

hyaline cartilage –> bone as maturation occurs.

39
Q

Intramembranous ossification

A

from condensed mesenchyme (connective tissue); direct ossification begins during the fetal period

40
Q

when can osteogenesis begin

A

Early in prenatal life

Later in prenatal life

After birth

41
Q

Short Bones are Ossified from where

A

a Single Center

usually in the middle of the bone

42
Q

Ossification centers

A

areas from which new bone is formed

43
Q

How many Ossification centers in most bones

A

Several Ossification Centers

44
Q

Primary center of ossification

A

Located near middle of future bone with progressive ossification toward bone ends

Appears in late embryonic life or early fetal life

45
Q

Secondary centers of ossification

A

Occur in cartilaginous ends of long bones

Develop from birth to late teens

May Be Multiple - femur has 2 secondary ossification centers, proximal and distal​ ends

46
Q

What actually happens in ossification centers?

A

Osteoblasts synthesize collagen and proteoglycans

Collagen is extruded into extracellular space to form osteoid matrix which becomes calcified

Trabeculae thicken

47
Q

2 types of bone growth

A

appositional

interstitial.

48
Q

Appositional bone growth

A

new bone tissue is laid on top of already-existing bone

49
Q

Interstitial bone growth:

A

how bones grow longer

Bone grows in length near cartilaginous growth plates

Important in growing children

50
Q

Diaphysis

A

Shaft of bone

Develops from primary center of ossification

51
Q

Diaphysis function

A

Mechanical support and housing of bone marrow

52
Q

Epiphysis

A

Expanded end of bone

Layer of hyaline cart remains over joint surfaces

53
Q

Epiphysis develops from where

A

2ndary center

54
Q

Epiphysis function

A

to support joint movement

55
Q

Epiphyseal Plate

A

epiphyseal plate = growth plate

Bone increases in length until ossification​ (fusion) of this plate

Hyaline cartilage (p)
- As long as the growth plate remains composed of hyaline cartilage, the bone can continue to grow in length

56
Q

Metaphysis

A

metabolically active regions of the bone- Here is where that increase in length actually occurs.

57
Q

Apophysis

A

Bony projection that lacks 2ndary center of ossification

Attachment for ligaments or tendons

tibial tuberosity

58
Q

Nutrition of Long Bones

A

Long bones receive nutrition from multiple sources

diaphysis, or shaft, has its own nutrient arteries

epiphyses and metaphyses receive their own separate nutrient arteries

59
Q

diaphyseal nutrient aa goes through

A

transmitted thru nutrient foramina in diaphysis

60
Q

where do Large irregular bones receive nutrition

A

superficial blood supply from periosteum and some nutrient arteries that penetrate trabecular bone

61
Q

where do Vertebrae receive blood from

A

arteries that enter near base of transverse processes

62
Q

where do Short and flat bones receive blood

A

receive blood supply from periosteum

63
Q

innervation of bones

A
  • Most bones are highly innervated. (That’s why it really hurts when you break a bone.)
64
Q

risers sign

A

used to estimate How close growth plates are to closing, measured in the ilium

looking at skeleton maturity

65
Q

when do most bones fuse

A

16 years old - teens

66
Q

when does the Fusion of the ilium usually occurs

A

16 in boys and 14 in girls

67
Q

what is a another indicator of bone maturity other then risers

A

vertebrae

68
Q

ischial tuberosity fusion

A

Commencement of ossification - puberty

Fusion - 25 years (late)

69
Q

femur ossification

A

Various ossification centers within the femur differ in when maturity starts to occur

femur complete the fusion process between 18-20 years

70
Q

Fracture

A

Disruption in the continuity of bone

71
Q

why are fracture painful

A

Periosteum is highly innervated.

Fractures cause edema (swelling) in surrounding tissues which can cause additional pain.

There is often painful involuntary spasm of surrounding muscles trying to hold the bone together.

72
Q

Traumatic fracture

A

some type of injury or accident that disrupts the continuity of the bone

73
Q

Pathologic fracture

A

is caused by some other pathology

a tumor in a bone will lead that bone to fracture - angles watching over me

74
Q

Periprosthetic fracture

A

occurs in the area around surgery

EX: periprosthetic fractures in the proximal femur near where a hip replacement was performed

75
Q

Stress fracture

A

tiny crack in a bone that’s often caused by repetitive overuse

76
Q

open fracture another name

A

compound fracture
breaks through the skin.

77
Q

Closed fracture another name

A

simple fracture
does not break through skin

78
Q

displaced fracture

A

the two of ends of the bone moved and no longer line up.

79
Q

displaced fracture healing

A

requires reduction, or a realignment of the two ends

80
Q

Nondisplaced fracture

A

ends of the bones are still aligned

81
Q

Incomplete fracture

A

Fracture line doesn’t go all the way through the bone

82
Q

Complete fracture

A

goes all the way through

83
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

pieces actually break off.

84
Q

Osteoporosis

A

Pathological decrease in the density of the bone

Point to where the bone has holes in it - porous

Increases the risk of pathologic fractures.

85
Q

Osteoporosis in Spine

A

osteoporosis often leads to a collapse of the vertebral body

86
Q

Osteosarcoma

A

common type of bone cancer

87
Q

Osteosarcoma age group

A

usually affects teenagers and young adults

88
Q

Osteosarcoma location

A

Usually form at the ends of long bones, especially the femur, tibia, and humerus

89
Q

blastic lesions

A

seen with Osteosarcoma

tumors fills the bone with extra cells - white X-ray

90
Q

lytic lesions

A

seen with Osteosarcoma

The tumor causes the destruction of bone material

91
Q

Multiple Myeloma

A

bone cancer, affects the plasma cells in bone marrow.

cancer cells “crowd out” the bone marrow cells

cancer cells signal the osteoclasts to break down bone at a high rate- bone is destroyed and not rebuilt

92
Q

what are the consequences of Multiple myeloma

A

lacking bone marrow, body loses the ability to produce enough new blood cells.

This results in anemia, problems with the immune system, and kidney problems.

93
Q

punched-out lesions

A

seen with Multiple myeloma

X-ray: It looks as though someone took a hole-puncher to the bones

Anatomy LE (13 decks)

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