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Anatomy LE > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

two major division of the NS

A

CNS and PNS

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2
Q

components of the CNS

A

Cerebral hemispheres
Brainstem/cerebellum
spinal cord

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3
Q

Components of PNS

A

Cranial Nerves
Spinal Nerves/Autonomic counterparts

Outside the brain and cord

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4
Q

main roles of the CNS

A

Integrate & coordinate incoming and outgoing information

Conduct higher mental functions
Thinking
Learning
Judgement/perceptions (only place where this happens)

> 

Helps interpret what is happening in surroundings
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5
Q

PNS role

A

Conduct signals/information to or away from the CNS

Connects the CNS with peripheral structures

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6
Q

Neuron composed of

A

Cell body/axon terminal (gray)
Axon (white)

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7
Q

Collection of cell bodies and synaptic sites in the CNS

A

Nuclei in CNS

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8
Q

Collection of cell bodies and synaptic sites in the PNS

A

Ganglia in PNS

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9
Q

Bundle of myelinated axons in the CNS

A

Tract in CNS

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10
Q

Bundle of myelinated axons (white matter) in the PNS

A

nerves

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11
Q

pathways of motor and sensory in the CNS

A

CNS there are different pathways for sensory and motor

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12
Q

pathways of motor and sensory in the PNS

A

When we get to the ​spinal nerve - this carries both motor and sensory

Mixed nerve = sensory and motor components

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13
Q

Supratentorial

A

the upper part of the brain- does notincluded the brainstem/cerebellum/spinal cord

Allows for higher functions (cognition, judgement, perception) -only place we see this
Serves motor and sensory functions

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14
Q

motor and sensory functions in the right brain

A

relates to Left body

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15
Q

motor and sensory functions left hemp

A

relates to Right body

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16
Q

left hemp

A

In most is the dominant hemp

associated with aspects of language (motor aspects speech/understanding)

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17
Q

Right hemp

A

associated with body attention/awareness/recognition

affective aspects of language

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18
Q

Left sided neglect

A

the right brain is saying they do not have anything on the left side

> 

Nothing gets attended to on the left
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19
Q

Frontal hemp

A

Motor/motor planning
Higher functions
Voluntary gaze
Speech (motor)**

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20
Q

Parietal

A

Sensory/sensory integration
Body attention/awareness**

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21
Q

Temporal

A

Audition
Learning/memory
Emotion
Speech (understanding)**
Visual recognition

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22
Q

Occipital

A

vision

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23
Q

Visual recognition

A

helps us understand​ that we are seeing a red ball bouncing

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24
Q

Lateral and medial aspects homunculus

A

each have their own blood supply

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25
Q

Lesions to cerebral hemispheres lead to

A

“cortical” weakness & sensory patterns

(Contralateral) face, arm, trunk, leg

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26
Q

Motor Lesions in the cerebral hemispheres

A

Whole/portions of limb weakness vs. individual muscles

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27
Q

Sensory Lesions in the cerebral hemispheres

A

JPS, vibration, discriminative touch, pain & temperature

Global sensory loss only occurs at cortical and peripheral levels, not in between (BS/SC)

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28
Q

JPS • Joint position sense

A

measures the individual’s ability to perceive the position of a joint with his/her vision occluded and minimal exteroceptive cues

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29
Q

Infratentorial role in higher order processing

A

No role in higher functions (cognition, judgement, perceptions)

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30
Q

brainstem consists of

A

rostral (upper) midbrain, middle pons, and a caudal (lower) medulla

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31
Q

brainstem control

A

Areas pertaining to alertness & body vitals

32
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • all things Coordination
    > When someone’s timing of movement is off, this might be cause of issue
33
Q

What is the connections between hemispheres and spinal cord

A

via tracts

34
Q

Tracts

A

bundles of axons w/ similar function

Different tracts carry different information

35
Q

Motor tract

A

carries contralateral full body information
o Descending tract

36
Q

Sensory tracts carry

A

contralateral full body information (lesion?)

o Ascending tract

37
Q

Take out a tract

A

we remove half of the body - all body info for the opposite side of body

38
Q

Tracts location

A

in Brainstem and spinal cord

39
Q

Spinal cord ends as what

A

conus medullaris (L1-2) - where many nerves (Lumbar sacral) come out

40
Q

Filum terminale internum

A

attaches cord to dural sac (S2)

attaches dural sac to coccyx

41
Q

Cauda Equina

A

horse tail

Traveling spinal nerves
Descend to exit below associated vertebra

42
Q

spinal cord grey and white matter

A

eye
grey internal butterfly
white outer segment

43
Q

White Matter of the spinal cord

A

Axons – tracts/columns
Tracts extend into or from brainstem

44
Q

Gray Matter of the spinal cord (D, I, V)

A

DAVE

Cell bodies/synapses – nuclei

dorsal horn/intermediate/ventral horn

45
Q

Meninges surround the cord

A

DAP

Pia, arachnoid, dura mater/dural sac

Inside DAP is cerebral spinal fluid

46
Q

are there any cranial nerves in the spinal cord

A

No cranial nerves

47
Q

Spinal cord provides segmental info

A

• Info that comes into that level has to do w/ that level
• Motor and sensory
• Goes out to certain segment of body

48
Q

Dorsal ramus:

A

smaller, innervates deep muscles and skin of back/posterior neck and head

49
Q

Ventral ramus:

A

larger, makes up plexuses to extremities
Combine to form plexus and peripheral nerves

50
Q

Ventral rootlets/root

A

motor efferents, outgoing information

51
Q

Dorsal rootlets/root

A

sensory afferents, incoming information

52
Q

Cervical Spinal nerves

A

Exit above vertebra (C1-C7), C8 b/w C7-T1

Provides segmental information re: UE’s (brachial plexus)

53
Q

Thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal nerves

A

Exit below vertebra & provides segmental info

Provides segmental info re: LE’s (lumbar plexus) & bladder/sphincter (sacral plexus)

54
Q

Disc bulge/herniation/foramen narrowing

A

Root compression
Spinal nerve compression

  • Disc can impact the root or nerve
  • Root compression - something is compressing the root
55
Q

dermatomes

A

an area of skin supplied by sensory neurons that arise from a spinal nerve ganglion

learning pattered associate w/ dorsal root or spinal nerve

56
Q

C2 dermatone

A

remainder of head

57
Q

C5-T1 dermatones

A

UE

58
Q

T4 derma

A

at nipple line

59
Q

T10 derma

A

at umbilicus

60
Q

L1-S2 derma

A

LE

61
Q

a lesion to a single root level

A

may result in a DECREASE in sensation but not a COMPLETE LOSS.

62
Q

myotome

A

Anterior root/spinal nerve contribute to multiple peripheral nerves, innervating multiple muscles that form the myotome.

63
Q

C5 myotome.

A

Weakness to bicep and deltoid
Sensory deficit to upper lateral arm
Decreased biceps reflex

64
Q

C6 myotome

A

Weak wrist extensors, biceps
Sensory deficit to thumb/index finger
18% of cervical radiculopathies

65
Q

C7 myotome

A

Weak triceps, thumb extension
Sensory deficit to middle finger
Decreased triceps reflex
46% of cervical radiculopathies

66
Q

L4 myotome

A

Weak DF, iliopsoas, quads
Sensory deficit to knee and medial shin
Decreased patellar tendon reflex

67
Q

L5 myotome

A

Weak big toe extension and ankle DF
Sensory deficit to top of foot and big toe
40% of lumbosacral radiculopathies

68
Q

S1 myotome

A

Weak ankle PF
Sensory deficit to little toe and lateral foot
Decreased Achilles reflex
45-50% of lumbosacral radiculopathies

69
Q

how are peripheral nerves formed

A

Anterior rami from spinal nerves merge with one or more rami to form a plexus (network) that give rise to multisegmental peripheral nerves that innervate a muscle

70
Q

UMN

A

Upper motor neuron is that neuron that has direct communication with the cortex

71
Q

Lower motor neuron

A

Lower motor neuron is that neuron that has communication with muscle/end organ

72
Q

UMN lesion

A

Lesion of connection to cerebral hemisphere

73
Q

LMN lesion

A

Lesion of connection to muscle

74
Q

UMN lesion signs and symptoms

A

Altered motor activity
Spasticity (hypertonicity)
Hyper-reflexia
Positive Babinski sign
Toes up-going and flared

75
Q

LMN lesion signs and symptoms

A

Altered motor activity
Flaccid paralysis (hypotonicity)
Hypo-reflexia/areflexia
Muscle fasciculations

76
Q

Muscle fasciculations

A

small, rapid, involuntary contractions in that are too weak to move a limb

muscle twitch

Anatomy LE (13 decks)

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