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Pharmacology 1 > Venom and Toxins > Flashcards

Venom and Toxins Flashcards

1
Q

Which snake is the most toxic, and which is the most lethal? Is there a difference between them? Why?

A

Most toxic: Inland taipan, has the smallest LD50

Most lethal: Black Mamba. Has a combined force of its small LD50, high venom yield and agressiveness.

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2
Q

Why is the first symptom of a snake bite blurred vision?

A

Because the intraocular muscles of the eye become flaccid.

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3
Q

Death from snake bites most commonly occurs from?

A

Respiratory paralysis

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4
Q

Why do snake procoagulants result in bleeding? What can this lead to?

A

They deplete fibrinogen/fibrin, causing a loss of clotting factors, making the patient unable to clot.

Can lead to intracranial bleeding.

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5
Q

Strong coagulopathy is found in which snake?

A

Brown snake

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6
Q

Myotoxicity in snakebites is due to what? What might be noticed in a patient with myotoxicity?

A

It is due to myotoxic PLA2 enzymes.

Causes myoglobinuria.

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7
Q

Elapids commonly have what kind of neurotoxin?

A

Postsynaptic

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8
Q

What is the name of the technique employed in the first-aid treatment of snake bites?

A

The sutherland pressure immobilisation technique.

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9
Q

What is the main group of snakes in Australia?

A

Elapidae

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10
Q

How are antivenoms produced?

A

From hyperimmunised horses that produce IgG.

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11
Q

presynaptic neurotoxins are also called?

A

Beta-neurotoxins, SPANs, or Snake sPLA2 neurotoxins.

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12
Q

Which types of snake neurotoxins have a poor response to antivenom therapy?

A

Presynaptic neurotoxins.

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13
Q

Strong post-neurotoxicity is found in which snake?

A

Death Adder

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14
Q

Which venemous/toxic animal is responsible for the most deaths?

A

Snakes

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15
Q

True or false, animals use venom for defence or offence.

A

False. They can use it for both in some cases, e.g. scorpions.

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16
Q

Which venemous/toxic animal is responsible for the most hospitalisations?

A

Hornets, wasps and bees.

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17
Q

What is the animal with the most rapid fatal envenomation in the world?

A

The box jellyfish.

18
Q

How many bee stings have to occur for a person without an allergy to die?

A

~300

19
Q

Strong myopathy and pre-neurotoxicity is found in which snake?

A

Tiger snake

20
Q

Generalised reactions if they occur usually happen the first time the person is stung. True or false?

A

False.

It is more common that they have a mild reaction the first time.

21
Q

How long does presynaptic paralysis usually take to manifest in a patient?

A

1-2 hours.

22
Q

What are the symptoms of a funnel-web spider bite?

A

Pain, hypertension, dysponea, muscle fasiculations, salivation, lachrymation.

23
Q

Name five toxic animals relevant to Australia.

A
  1. Sydney Funnel Web Spider
  2. Blue Ringed Octopus
  3. Inland Taipan
  4. Stonefish
  5. Box Jellyfish
24
Q

What are the names and alphanumeric code-names of the two primate active toxins from the Sydney Funnel Web spider?

A

Robustotoxin (Hv1A)

Versutoxin (Ar1A)

25
Q

How many snake bites occur in Australia per year and how many of those require antivenom?

A

1000-3000 bites/year

100-500 require antivenom

26
Q

What is the physiogical effect of a funnel web spider’s bite?

A

It causes slowed inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channel, leading to uncontrolled neurotransmitter release and concomitantly muscle fasiculations and ANS symptoms.

27
Q

Presynaptic neurotoxins act how?

A

By disrupting vesicle release and vesicle recycling.

28
Q

Box jellyfish have a coiled barb mechanism for deploying venom, what is it called? Also, how many are there per mm2 on the average tentacle?

A

Nematocyst. There are approximately 1500 of them per mm2.

29
Q

What percentage of elapids carry enough venom to kill?

A

25%

There are 80 elapid species and 20 of them with enough venom to kill.

30
Q

Which is more potent, postsynaptic neurotoxins or presynaptic neurotoxins?

A

Presynaptic

31
Q

Post-synaptic neurotoxins are also called?

A

Alpha neurotoxins, or

Three fingered toxins

32
Q

What is the difference between venemous and poisonous animals?

A

Poisonous animals have no mechanism for delivery.

Venemous animals can deliver poison via biting or stinging act.

33
Q

Which has a quicker time of onset, presynaptic or postsynaptic neurotoxins?

A

Postsynaptic

34
Q

A typical example of a PLA2 neurotoxin is?

A

Notexin or ß-Bungarotoxin

35
Q

Strong pre-neurotoxicity is found in which snake?

A

Taipan

36
Q

Strong myotoxicity is found in which snake?

A

Mulga Snake

37
Q

Snake neurotoxins usually cause rigid or flaccid paralysis?

A

Flaccid

38
Q

Which snake is the most toxic, and which is the most lethal? Is there a difference between them? Why?

A

Most toxic: Inland taipan, has the smallest LD50

Most lethal: Black Mamba. Has a combined force of its small LD50, high venom yield and agressiveness.

39
Q

Why do snake procoagulants result in bleeding? What can this lead to?

A

They deplete fibrinogen/fibrin, causing a loss of clotting factors, making the patient unable to clot.

Can lead to intracranial bleeding.

40
Q

Generalised reactions if they occur usually happen the first time the person is stung. True or false?

A

False.

It is more common that they have a mild reaction the first time.

41
Q

What is the physiogical effect of a funnel web spider’s bite?

A

It causes slowed inactivation of the voltage-gated sodium channel, leading to uncontrolled neurotransmitter release and concomitantly muscle fasiculations and ANS symptoms.

Pharmacology 1 (22 decks)

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