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Pharmacology 1 > Agonist & Antagonists > Flashcards

Agonist & Antagonists Flashcards

1
Q

If a drug is S3 scheduled it is termed a…

A

Pharmacist only medicine

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2
Q

Slope on a Drug Response (DR) Curve is also known as?

A

Hill Coefficient (nH)

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3
Q

Some drugs administered to humans are molecules synthesised in the body, true or false.

A

True.

However, these are not the majority.

Examples include:
Insulin, oestradiol, adrenaline and testosterone.

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4
Q

‘Cathartic’ drugs act by… ?

A

Being made of non-absorbable material that either increases or decreases water content.

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5
Q

If a drug has very small variability between its therapeutic dose and its toxic dose, what does that indicate about its Hill Coefficient?

A

That it is fairly large.

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6
Q

‘Aust L’ on drug packagin indicates this drug is?

A

Commercially available to everyone and not listed on drug scheduling.

It is considered a safe compound.

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7
Q

The generic names for many antipsychotic drugs have what suffix?

A

“-azine”

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8
Q

Drugs that don’t fully reach Emax (in comparison to other drugs) are called?

A

Partial agonists

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9
Q

The ‘chemical effect’ of a drug refers to whether they are ‘antagonistic’ or ‘agonistic’, true or false?

A

True.

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10
Q

The acronym ADME is used to describe the four facets of Pharmacodynamics or Pharmacokinetics?

A

Pharmacokinetics.

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11
Q

Potency refers to the degree of maximal possible effect of the drug, true or false?

A

False. That is efficacy.

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12
Q

If a drug is S8 scheduled it is termed a…

A

Controlled drug.

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13
Q

Pharmacokinetics is the study of?

A

How the drug is administered and how concentrations change over time.

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14
Q

Efficacy refers to the concentration needed to cause an effect, true or false?

A

False. That is potency.

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15
Q

The generic name for many antidepressant drugs have what suffix?

A

“-azepam”

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16
Q

Majority of drugs administered to humans are produced in the body to some concentration, true or false?

A

False.

Majority of drugs are xenobiotic (synthetic).

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17
Q

You have two drugs, drug A and drug B. Drug B contains drug A as well as another drug. They have the same Emax but drug B has a larger ED50, this means that the drug B contains?

A

A reversible competitive inhibitor.

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18
Q

‘Aust R’ on a drug packet indicates that the drug is?

A

Restricted to some degree.

E.g. Panadeine forte.

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19
Q

When generic names are given to drugs they aren’t usually named similarly to drugs that act on similar diseases, true or false?

A

False.

They usually are.
E.g. Many antidepressants have the suffix ‘-azepam’.

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20
Q

An agonist is a ligand, true or false?

A

True

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21
Q

If a drug is S4 scheduled it is termed a…

A

Prescription only

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22
Q

Magnitude of response for an agonist depends on what two things?

A

Dose and amount of receptors.

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23
Q

In the unit ‘datons’, what is the current smallest and largest size of a drug? (as of 2017)

A

7 daltons - Lithium for bipolar.

59,050 daltons - Tissue plasminogen activator.

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24
Q

If a drug is termed a ‘Pharmacy medicine’, what sort of protections are in place for that drug?

A

Drugs available without prescription from pharmacists or poisons license holders only.

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25
Q

Antagonists bind to an active site and cause a change by _________ a biological reponse.

A

preventing

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26
Q

Which scheduled drugs do not require a prescription?

A

S3 and S2

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27
Q

The generic name for many local anaesthetic drugs have what suffix?

A

“-caine”

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28
Q

Antagonists can be of three types, name them.

A

Reversibly competitive
Irreversibly competitive
Non-competitive

29
Q

In ‘daltons’, what is the most common size range of a pharmaceutical drug?

A

100 to 1000 daltons.

30
Q

Potency indicates affinity, true or false?

A

True

31
Q

Antagonists have efficacy, true or false?

A

False.

32
Q

What are the three states drugs can be administered in? Give an example of each.

A
  1. Solid (paracetamol)
  2. Liquid (ethanol)
  3. Gas (nitrous oxide)
33
Q

hat is meant by ‘generic name’ versus ‘trade name’?

A

Generic name refers to the name the molecule is given, regardless of which company produces it, though this infrequently varies from country to country, for example ‘paracetamol’ is termed ‘acetaminophen’ in USA.

Trade name is about marketing, it changes based on which company produces it. E.g. Panadol vs Panamax. Same generic named drug, but different trade names which the drug is sold under.

34
Q

Intrinsic activity is present in both agonists and antagonists, true or false?

A

False.

Intrinsic activity is only present in agonists. Intrinsic activity is another word for efficacy.

35
Q

Drugs that affect gene expression do so by two methods, name them.

A

Bind to DNA to change expression.

Bind to DNA to inhibit expression.

36
Q

The generic name for many beta-blocker drugs have what suffix?

A

“-olol”

37
Q

A partial agonist exists only because of lower affinity, true or false?

A

False, it can have a lower affinity or it can have a lower efficacy.

38
Q

Pharamcodynamics is the study of?

A

The site of action for a drug, the way it works and its biological downstream effects.

39
Q

ADME stands for what? Also, what does each word refer to in relation to the study of pharmacology?

A

Absorption (absorption, inhalation, injection or ingestion)

Distribution (how the drug accumulates and acts)

Metabolism (how the drug is broken down by the liver)

Excretion (how the drug is removed from the body)

40
Q

Same ED50 between two drugs, but different Emax means that one of the drugs must contain?

A

An irreversible competitive antagonist.

41
Q

Drugs can act on enzymes, true or false?

A

True.

42
Q

What are the four possible effects of drugs?

Hint: Acronym is GCPC

A

Gene expression
Chemical effect
Physiological effect
Cathartics

43
Q

Two drugs, different Emax, different ED50, the drug with the smaller Emax is considered to be?

A

Non-competitive anatagonist.

44
Q

If a drug is termed ‘Prescription only’, what sort of protections are in place for that drug?

A

It is only available from pharmacists on prescription.

45
Q

If something is termed a ‘controlled drug’, what schedule is that? And what sort of protections are in place for ‘controlled drugs’?

A

Available only on separate prescription form. Prior authority of Department of Health is required.

Examples include:
Morphine, amphetamine/methylphenidate.

46
Q

Tachyphylaxis is?

A

The decrease in the effectiveness of a drug within a patient once administered or over several administrations.

47
Q

If a drug is S2 scheduled it is termed a…

A

Pharmacy medicine.

48
Q

Therapeutics are defined as:

A

Drugs to cure, treat or alleviate diseased states of the body or pain.

49
Q

Two causes of Tachyphylaxis?

A
  1. Change in receptors (the receptor can become inactivated by the cell through enzyme
    attachment, phosphorylation or endocytosis).
  2. Exhaustion of mediators (depletion of neurotransmitters or secondary messengers, therefore preventing the relay of the signal).
50
Q

Toxicology is:

A

The study of poisons and toxins on the human body and how they are counteracted by therapeutics.

51
Q

Scheduling S5, S6 and S7 are related to?

A

Restricted poisons that are to be used as household chemicals.

52
Q

Three causes of tolerance to a drug:

A
  1. Increased metabolic degradation (Due to upregulation of degradative enzymes).
  2. Physiological adaptation, i.e. reduced side-effects (Indirect receptor sites can be altered)
  3. Translocation of receptors (Receptors can be internalised by the cell and degraded by lysosymes).
53
Q

Drugs can’t act on biomolecules, true or false?

A

False.

54
Q

What are the four characteristics of a Drug-Response graph?

A

Potency
Slope
Emax (Maximal Effect)
ED50 (Effective Dose)

55
Q

Therapeutic Index is the ratio of what?

A

LD50 / ED50

56
Q

The generic name for many acetylcholine inhibitor drugs have what suffix?

A

“-pril”

57
Q

True or false, the smaller the Therapeutic Index the more therapeutic the drug is.

A

False. The greater it is the more therapeutic it is.

58
Q

What are the three types of name that a drug can have?

A

Chemical name.
Generic name.
Trade name.

59
Q

What is the model most often quoted to explain drug mechanism?

A

Lock-and-key model.

60
Q

Potency relates to Emax in what way?

A

A drug with higher potency needs less of the drug to cause the same Emax

61
Q

Are drugs that interact with molecules not bound to human tissue the majority or minority? Give examples of these drugs.

A

Minority.

Mannitol: binds to water and can promote/attenutate water loss.

Antacids: binds to acids within the stomach, acting as a biological buffer, reducing the acidity of the stomach.

62
Q

How many active drugs are there on the market? What is meant by the term ‘active drug’?

A

> 700

Active drug refers to molecules with generic names.
E.g. A drug that contains multiple active molecules is not an active drug, it is a mixture of active drugs.

63
Q

True or false, can the number of pills available of a drug in its packet affect its scheduling.

A

True.

64
Q

Slope on a Drug Response (DR) Curve is also known as?

A

Hill Coefficient (nH)

65
Q

A drug is defined as?

A

A compound with known stucture that when administered results in a biological response.

66
Q

Can you buy S3 drugs from a poisons license holder?

A

No. You can only buy S3 scheduled drugs from a pharmacist.

67
Q

Drugs that don’t fully reach Emax (in comparison to other drugs) are called?

A

Partial agonist

68
Q

If a drug has very small variability between its therapeutic dose and its toxic dose, what does that indicate about its Hill Coefficient?

A

That it is fairly large.

Pharmacology 1 (22 decks)

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