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Anatomy I (Fall) > Vasculature and Nerves > Flashcards

Vasculature and Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical spinal nerves in the dog?

A

Eight

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2
Q

Where does the first cervical spinal nerve pass through?

A

Lateral vertebral foramen of the atlas (Transverse foramen in wing of the caudal vertebral body of the atlas)

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3
Q

Where does the eight cervical spinal nerve pass through?

A

The intervertebral foramen between the 7th cervical vertebra and 1st thoracic vertebra.

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4
Q

Which are larger - dorsal or ventral branches of the spinal nerves?

A

Ventral

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5
Q

What do dorsal branches of the spinal nerves innervate?

A

Structures dorsal to the vertebrae.

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6
Q

Where will you find the 2nd cervical nerve?

A 
Between:
Mastoid part of the cleidocephalicus
Omotransversarius
Deep to platysma
Dorsal to external jugular vein
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7
Q

What does the 2nd cervical nerve innervate?

A

Branches into two:
Great auricular nerve: skin of the neck, the ear, and back of the head.
Transverse cervical nerve: Skin of the cranioventral part of the neck

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8
Q

What vessels is the external jugular vein formed by?

A

Facial components: Linguofacial (ventral) and maxillary (dorsal) veins. Maxillary can be distinguished by mandibular lymph nodes lying on either side.
Brachial components: Omobrachaial (dorsal) and cephalic (ventral) veins

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9
Q

Mandibular salivary gland

A

Dorsal to the mandibular LNs.

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10
Q

Mandibular lymph nodes

A

Receive lymph drainage from the cutaneous areas of the head, neck, and thoracic limb
Ventral to the mandibular salivary gland, deep to the cleidocephalicus and omotransversarius.

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11
Q

Where do you find the accessory cranial nerve?

A

Also called the 11th cranial nerve

Emerges below the sternocephalicus, runs along the dorsal border of the omotransversarius, terminates in the trapezius

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12
Q

What does the accessory cranial nerve innervate?

A 
Only motor nerve of the trapezius. 
Also supplies: 
Omotransversarius
Cleidocephalicus (mastoid and cervical parts)
Sternocephalicus
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13
Q

Third, Fourth, and Fifth cervical spinal nerves

A

Distributed segmentally to the muscles and skin of the neck

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14
Q

Vagosympathetic nerve trunk

A

Within the carotid sheath, medial to the common carotid artery.

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15
Q

Medial retropharyngeal lymph node

A

Lies ventrolateral to the carotid sheath

Opposite the larynx

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16
Q

Branching pattern of the dorsal intercostal arteries

A

Do not confuse with dorsal branch of the artery
First three dorsal arteries: from branch of the costocervical trunk
Last 9 dorsal arteries: from aorta
Two lateral cutaneous branches (one dorsal, one ventral) that perforate both intercostal muscles

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17
Q

Ventral intercostal arteries

A

Ventral intercostal artery anastomoses with the dorsal intercostal artery
Perforating branch that perforates just the internal intercostal muscles near the sternum.

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18
Q

Dorsal branch of the arteries of the intercostal space

A

Supplies the epaxial muscles

Do not confuse with dorsal intercostal arteries.

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19
Q

Ventral branch of the arteries of the intercostal space

A

Anastomoses with the dorsal intercostal artery.

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20
Q

Veins of the intercostal spaces

A

Will follow in the same pattern as the arteries of the intercostal spaces.

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21
Q

What do the lateral branches of the dorsal intercostal arteries supply?

A

Cutaneous structures

Example: thoracic mammae

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22
Q

What do the perforating branches of the ventral intercostal arteries supply?

A

Cutaneous structures

Example: thoracic mammae

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23
Q

Branching pattern of the intercostal nerves

A

Dorsal, lateral, and ventral branches
Dorsal: innervates epaxial muscles.
Lateral: Becomes the dorsal lateral cutaneous branch
Ventral: A lateral branch that perforates both intercostal muscles and a ventral cutaneous branch that perforates just the internal intercostal near the sternum.

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24
Q

What are the cranial thoracic mammae supplied by?

A

Fourth, fifth, and sixth ventral and lateral cutaneous vessels and nerves (from the intercostals)
Branches of the lateral thoracic vessesls (from the axillary vessels)

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25
Q

What are the caudal thoracic mammae supplied by?

A

Sixth and seventh cutaneous nerves and vessels

Cranial superficial epigastric vessels

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26
Q

What do the intercostal vessels and nerves become after they pass through the intercostals?

A

Cutaneous vessels and nerves.

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27
Q

Axilla

A

Armpit.
Bounded by: Pectorals and serattus ventralis.
Contains: brachial plexus

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28
Q

Where do you find the lateral thoracic vessels and nerve?

A

In the axilla

Between the latissiumus dorsi and deep pectorals

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29
Q

What does the lateral thoracic nerve innervate?

A

Motor to the cutaneus trunci.

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30
Q

What does the lateral thoracic nerve consist of?

A

Branches of the 8th cervical and 1st thoracic spinal nerves.

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31
Q

What do the lateral thoracic vessels consist of?

A

Branches of the axillary artery and vein.

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32
Q

What do the lateral thoracic vessels supply?

A

Muscle, skin, subcutaneous tissue, and cranial thoracic mama.

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33
Q

Axillary lymph node

A

Drains the afferent lymph vessels of the thoracic wall and deep structures of the limb.
Dorsal to the deep pectoral

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34
Q

Cranial epigastric artery

A

Terminal branch of the internal thoracic artery
Emerges from costal arch
Runs caudally on the deep surface of the rectus abdominis
Gives rise to cranial superficial epigastric artery

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35
Q

Cranial superficial epigastric artery

A

From the cranial epigastric artery
Perforates the rectus abdominis
Runs caudally over external surface of rectus abdominis
Branches terminate in rectus abdominus.

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36
Q

What does the cranial superficial epigastic artery supply?

A

Skin over the rectus abdominis
Caudal thoracic mammae
Cranial abdominal mammae

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37
Q

Transversus thoracis

A

Flat muscle on deep ventral surface of costal cartilage 2-8.

Attachments: chostochondral junctions and sternum

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38
Q

Internal thoracic artery

A

3rd lateral branch off the brachiocephalic artery.
Supplies the phrenic nerve, the thymus, the mediastinal pleurae and the dorsal intercostal spaces.
Branch from the subclavian artery
Runs ventrocaudally through the cranial mediastinum
Anastomoses with ventral intercostal arteries on the medioventral surface of the thoracic cavity.
Terminatees in the musculophrenic and cranial epigastric arteries.

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39
Q

Pleurae

A

Serous membranes that cover the lungs and line the walls of the thorax.

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40
Q

Visceral pleura

A

Also called pulmonary pleura

Closely attach to the surfaces of the lungs and separate the two lobes.

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41
Q

Parietal pleura

A

Attached to the thoracic wall by endothoracic fascia

Three contiguous parts: costal, diaphragmatic, and mediastinal

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42
Q

Costal pleura

A

Covers inner surface of the ribs and associated intercostal and transverses thoracis muscles.

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43
Q

Diaphragmatic pleura

A

Covers cranial surface of the diaphragm.

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44
Q

Mediastinal pleura

A

Covers the sides of the partition between the two pleural cavities

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45
Q

Mediastinum

A

Two mediastinal pleurae and the space between them
Encloses the heart, lymph nodes, thymus, heart, aorta, trachea, and esophagus, as well as the vagus nerve and other nerves/vessels.
Can be divided into cranial, middle, dorsal, ventral, and caudal parts with the middle covering the heart and the others in relation to the heart.

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46
Q

Pericardial mediastinal pleura

A

Portion of the mediastinal pleura covering the heart.

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47
Q

Esophageal hiatus

A

Where the esophagus passes through the diaphragm

Connected by connective tissue, pleura, and peritoneum.

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48
Q

Plica venae cavae

A

Loose fold of pleura from the right caudal mediastinal portion of the pleural sac.
Surrounds the caudal vena cava.

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49
Q

Root of the lung

A

Also called the hilus of the lung.

The pleura, bronchi, vessels, and nerves that are all entering into the lung.

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50
Q

Pulmonary ligament

A

Between the caudal lung lobe and the mediastinum at the level of the esophagus.

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51
Q

Thymus

A

Bilobed compressed structure in the cranial mediastinum, over the surface of the pericardium when large.
Largest in young animals and atrophies with age.

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52
Q

Musculophrenic artery

A

Runs caudodorsally in the angle formed by the diaphragm and the lateral thoracic wall.

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53
Q

What artery supplies the thymus?

A

Internal thoracic artery.

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54
Q

What nerve innervates the trapezius?

A

Accessory cranial nerve.

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55
Q

Left lung lobes

A

Two:
Cranial lobe with cranial and caudal parts
Caudal lobe

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56
Q

Right lung lobes

A 
Four:
Cranial lobe
Middle lobe (most lateral)
Caudal lobe
Accessory lobe (most medial)
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57
Q

Cardiac notch

A

On the right lung
Between the cranial and middle lobes of the lung
The fourth and fifth intercostal space

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58
Q

Principal bronchi

A

Bifurcation of the trachea to supply each lung.

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59
Q

Carina

A

Partition between the principal bronchi in the trachea.

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60
Q

Lobar bronchi

A

Divisions of the principal bronchi to supply the lobes of the lungs.

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61
Q

What is the clinical significance of the cardiac notch?

A

Heart is accessible for cardiac puncture here.

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62
Q

Aortic impression on the left lung

A

Most marked on the accessory lobe.

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63
Q

Tracheobronchial lymph nodes

A

Located at the bifurcation of the trachea and further down on the bronchi.
Do not confuse with mediastinal lymph nodes.

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64
Q

Where do the pulmonary veins drain? Do they carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Drain into the left atrium of the heart

Carry oxygenated blood

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65
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Supplies each lung with a pulmonary artery. Right pulmonary artery will be ventral to right principal bronchus.

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66
Q

Cranial vena cava

A

Drains into the right atrium

Formed by the union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins, and the right azygos vein.

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67
Q

Thoracic inlet

A

Union of the left and right brachiocephalic veins draining into the cranial vena cava.

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68
Q

Brachiocephalic veins

A

Formed by external jugular and subclavian veins

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69
Q

Azygos vein

A

Only the right vein develops in the dog
The last branch entering the cranial vena cava
Winds ventrocranially around the right lung
Collects blood from all of the dorsal intercostal veins as far cranially as the 3rd/4th intercostal space

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70
Q

Thoracic duct

A 
Drainage from:
lymphatic capillaries
ducts to the venous system
left thoracic limb
left tracheal trunk
Drains into the left brachiocephalic vein
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71
Q

Cisterna chyli

A

Dilated structure that receives lymph drainage from the abdominal and pelvic viscera and the pelvic limbs.
Caudal to the thoracic duct and the thoracic duct continues from it.

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72
Q

Left tracheal trunk

A

Lymph drainage from the left side of the head and neck

Drains into the thoracic duct

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73
Q

Right tracheal trunk

A

Lymph drainage from the right side of the head and neck

Drains into the venous system at the right brachiocephalic vein.

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74
Q

Aorta

A

Large unpaired vessel from left ventricle
Two main parts:
Cranial aorta (to the diaphragm): Ascending aorta, aortic arch, and descending aorta
Caudal aorta (to the diaphragm

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75
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Branches of the ascending aorta that supply the heart muscle

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76
Q

Vessels from the ascending aorta

A

Coronary arteries

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77
Q

Vessels from the aortic arch

A

Brachiocephalic trunk

Left subclavian artery

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78
Q

Vessels from the descending aorta

A

8-9 dorsal intercostal arteries (first 3 from the costocervical trunk)

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79
Q

Brachiocephalic trunk

A

First branch from the aortic arch

Gives rise to left carotid artery and then terminates as the right carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.

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80
Q

Common carotid arteries

A

Both left and right come from the brachiocephalic trunk

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81
Q

Subclavian arteries

A

Right comes from the brachiocephalic trunk
Left is the second branch of the aortic arch
Both have similar branching after this point.

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82
Q

Vertebral artery

A

1st branch off of the subclavian artery

Supplies the cervical muscles and spinal branches spinal cord and its coverings via intervertebral foramina.

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83
Q

Costocervical trunk

A

2nd branch off the subclavian artery
Supplies the 1st/2nd/3rd intercostal spaces, muscles at the base of the neck, and muscles dorsal to the first few thoracic vertebrae.

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84
Q

Superficial cervical artery

A

3rd medial branch of the subclavian artery.

Supplies the base of the neck and the scapular region.

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85
Q

Bronchoesophageal artery

A

Supplies the esophagus
Arises from the 5th intercostal artery
Terminates in the bronchial arteries

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86
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

Supply the lungs

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87
Q

Phrenic nerves

A

Arises from the ventral branches of the 5th/6th/poss.7th cervical nerves
Innervate the diaphragm
Have both sensory and motor functions.

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88
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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89
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Anything outside of the CNS

Cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and what they become.

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90
Q

Sensory nerves

A

Afferent nerves

Always pseudounipolar

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91
Q

Motor nerves

A 
Efferent nerves
Somatic efferents (conscious, to skeletal muscle) are pseudounipolar
Visceral/autonomic efferents (unconscious, to smooth muscle) parasympathetic (rest and digest) or sympathetic (fight or flight) are multipolar and need two to reach the effector tissue
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92
Q

Ganglion

A

Gross enlargement of a nerve

Contains neuronal cell bodies

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93
Q

What are groups of neuronal cell bodies within the CNS called?

A

Nuclei

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94
Q

What are the two autonomic efferent neurons called as they travel to the effector tissue?

A

Preganglionic and postganglionic neurons.

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95
Q

What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Thoracolumbar system

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96
Q

What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Craniosacral system

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97
Q

What humoral transmitter substance is released at sympathetic nerve endings?

A

Norepinephrine

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98
Q

What humoral transmitter substance is released at parasympathetic nerve endings?

A

Acetylcholine

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99
Q

Where are parasympathetic ganglia typically located?

A

In the wall of the structure being innervated.

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100
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia typically located?

A

A short distance from the spinal cord.

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101
Q

Ventral root of the spinal cord

A

Efferent neurons

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102
Q

Dorsal root of the spinal cord

A

Afferent neurons

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103
Q

Spinal nerve

A

Joining of the ventral and dorsal roots of the spinal cord just at the edge of the vertebra at the level of the intervertebral foramen.

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104
Q

Ramus communicans

A

Also called the communicating branch
Leaves the ventral branch of the spinal nerve just after it starts
Joins the sympathetic trunk
Like all other nerves, multiple types of nerves. Mostly pre and post ganglionic sympathetic GVEs in these branches but may be others.

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105
Q

Sympathetic trunk ganglion

A

Peripheral nerve just lateral to the spinal column
A sympathetic trunk ganglion located at each point where a ramus communicants joins with the trunk, with cell bodies of postganglionic sympathetic neruons.

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106
Q

Splanchic nerves

A

Run through the sympathetic trunk
Form plexuses around the main blood vessels of the abdominal organs
Additional sympathetic ganglion within the plexuses (postganglionic cell bodies of the neurons that formed these nerves located here)

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107
Q

Describe the movement of a pair of sympathetic GVE neurons that innervate smooth muscles, sweat glands, and other strucutures located above the spinal cord.

A
  1. Run down the ramus communicans
  2. Synapse either with the first sympathetic trunk ganglion that they come across or move one or two ganglia cranially or caudally.
  3. Postganglionic neuron runs back over through the ramus comminicans in the segment where the synapse occurred
  4. Runs with a spinal nerve to the structures to be innervated.
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108
Q

What verterbrae have spinal nerves that feed into the sympathetic nervous system?

A

T1 - L4 or L5

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109
Q

Cranial cervical ganglion

A

Synapses of the preganglionic sympathetic neurons that supply the head.

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110
Q

Cervicothoracic ganglion

A

Enlargement of the sympathetic trunk lateral to the longus colli at the first intercostal space
Fusion of the caudal cervical ganglion and the first two or three thoracic ganglion.

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111
Q

Brachial plexus

A

Pathway through the axilla for the postganglionic axons to reach the thoracic limb.
Formed by the ventral branches of the (sometimes 5th)/6th/7th/8th cervical and 1st/2nd thoracic spinal nerves.
These intermix and differently named intermixed nerves leave from the plexus.

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112
Q

Vertebral nerve

A

From the cervicothoracic ganglion through transverse foramina to the heart and other thoracic structures.

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113
Q

Ansa subclavia

A

Division of the sympathetic trunk for it to loop around the subclavian artery. Unite at the middle cervical ganglion.
Many nerves leave this to supply the heart.

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114
Q

Middle cervical ganglion

A

Junction of the nasa and the vagosympathetic trunk. Many nerves leave this to supply the heart.

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115
Q

Cardiac nerves

A

Numerous

Leave the ansa subclavia and middle cervical ganglion to course to the heart.

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116
Q

Vagosympathetic trunk

A

Lies in the carotid sheath
Cranial cervical ganglion at its cranial end.
Combines with the vagus nerve (tenth cranial nerve).

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117
Q

Left and right recurrent laryngeal nerves

A

Left curves around the arch of the aorta
Right curves around the right subclavian artery
Both then run up the trachea and supply the larynx
Innervate the heart, esophagus, and trachea.
Longest peripheral nerves in the body, so early peripheral neuropathy is typically seen with trouble barking or swallowing.

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118
Q

Caudal laryngeal nerve

A

Termination of the recurrent laryngeal nerves in the larynx.

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119
Q

Ventral vagal trunk

A

Cranial termination of the dorsal and ventral vagus nerves on the esophagus, cranial to the heart.

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120
Q

Dorsal vagal trunk

A

Caudal termination of the dorsal and ventral vagus nerves dorsal to the esophagus near the diaphragm.

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121
Q

Dorsal and ventral vagus nerves

A

Division of each vagus nerve near the base of the heart.

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122
Q

Pericardium

A 
Fibroserous covering of the heart
Three layers:
Outer:  Pericardial mediastinal pleura
Fibrous pericardium
Inner: Parietal serous pericardium
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123
Q

Serous pericardium

A

Two layers
parietal layer - adheres to the fibrous pericardium (forms part of the pericardium)
visceral layer - adheres to the heart (considered part of the heart)

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124
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

Contains pericardial fluid between the parietal serous pericardium and visceral serous pericardium.

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125
Q

Phrenicopericardial ligament

A

Continuation of the fibrous pericardium to the sternum and the diaphragm.
Usually associated with adipose tissue.
Located in the ventral mediastinum.

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126
Q

Epicardium

A

Another name for visceral serous pericardium.

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127
Q

Auricular surface of the heart

A

Left side of the heart, can see both auricles from this side.

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128
Q

Atrial surface of the heart

A

Right side of the heart. Can generally only see the right auricle here.

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129
Q

Dorsal surface of the heart

A

Attachments of the great vessels

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130
Q

Apex of the heart

A

Ventrocaudal and slightly to the left in most hearts, part of the left ventricle.

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131
Q

Coronary Groove

A

Separates the ventricles from the atria on the atrial side of the heart.

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132
Q

Interventricular grooves

A

Paraconal interventraicular groove (auricular surface, oblique)
Subsinuosal interventricular groove (atrial surface)

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133
Q

Cranial surface of the heart

A

Right ventricle covers the left ventricle here.

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134
Q

Parts of the right atrium

A 
Sinus venarum (main)
right auricle
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135
Q

How many openings into the right atrium? What are they?

A

Four.

  1. Caudal vena cava
  2. Coronary sinus
  3. Cranial vena cava
  4. Right atrioventricular orifice (holds the valve)
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136
Q

Interatrial septum

A

Medial wall of the heart separating the left and right atria.

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137
Q

Intervenous tubercle

A

Transverse ridge between the two caval openings in the right atrium
Serves to channel blood towards the right atrioventricular orifice.

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138
Q

Fossa ovalis

A

Slitlike depression caudal to the intervenous tubercle

Formed the foramen ovale between the right and left atria in the fetus (no need to send blood to the lungs)

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139
Q

Pectinate muscles

A

Interlacing muscular bands in the auricles and atria

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140
Q

Endocardium

A

Grossly: glistening surface on the inner surface of the heat
Microscopically: Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner part of the vessel.

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141
Q

Crista terminalis

A

Thick, semilunar smooth portion of the right atria at the entrance into the auricle. Pectinate muscles radiate from this band.

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142
Q

Pulmonary trunk

A

Leaves the right ventricle at the conus arteriosus to continue to the lungs.
At the left craniodorsal aspect of the heart.
Will then bifurcate into the left and the right pulmonary arteries.

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143
Q

Atrioventricular valve

A

Right and left
Both have two cusps, a septal and a parietal cusp.
Subsidiary leaflets found at the end of both cusps in the left and just the septal cusp in the right.

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144
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

Connect the cusps of the atrioventricular valves with the walls of the ventricles via the papillary muscles.

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145
Q

Papillary muscles

A

Conical muscle projections in the ventricles
Usually three or four
Attachments for the chordae tendineae.

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146
Q

Trabeculae carnae

A

Muscular irregularities of the interior of the ventricular walls.
More numerous in the right ventricle than in the left.

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147
Q

Trabecula septomarginalis

A

Muscular strand extending across the lumen of the right ventricle from the septal to the parietal wall, also anchored by a papillary muscle.

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148
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Between the conus arteriosus and the pulmonary trunk

three semilunar cusps, each with a small fibrous nodule in the middle of them.

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149
Q

Valve of the foramen ovale

A

Remnant of the foramen oval

In the left atrium, directly across from the fossa ovalis in the right atrium.

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150
Q

ligamentum arteriosum

A

Fibrous connection between the pulmonary trunk and the aorta

Remnant of the patent ductus arteriosus to bypass the lungs in the fetus (funneled blood straight into the aorta).

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151
Q

Aortic valve

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta.

Three semilunar cusps with fibrous nodules like the pulmonary valve.

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152
Q

Sinus of the aorta

A

Slight expansion of the aorta just cranial to the aortic valve.

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153
Q

Right coronary artery

A

Leaves the right sinus of the aorta.

Passes through coronary groove and often part of the subsinuosal interventricular groove.

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154
Q

Left coronary artery

A

Twice as large as the right coronary artery.
Leaves the left sinus of the aorta.
Two branches: circumflex branch and paraconal inter ventricular branch.

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155
Q

Circumflex branch of the left coronary artery

A

Passes through the subsinuosal interventricular groove and in the coronary sulcus.

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156
Q

Paraconal interventricular branch of the left coronary artery.

A

Passes through the paraconal interventricular groove.
Sends large rami over the surface of the left ventricle.
Septal branch that runs into the interventricular septum and supplies this.

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157
Q

Coronary sinus

A

Dilated terminal end of the great cardiac vein.

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158
Q

Great cardiac vein

A

Drains the coronary vessels back to the heart.

Starts in the paraconal interventricular sulcus.

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159
Q

Subclavian artery branches

A
  1. Vertebral artery
  2. Costocervical artey
  3. Internal thoracic artery and superficial cervical artery
  4. Continues as the axillary artery
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160
Q

What does the superficial cervical artery supply?

A

Superficial muscles of the base of the neck, superficial cervical lymph nodes, and the muscles of the scapula and shoulder.

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161
Q

What is the function of the superficial cervical lymph nodes?

A

Drain the afferent lymph vessels from the superficial part of the neck, caudal surface of the head, ear, and pharynx, and the thoracic limb.

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162
Q

What are the branches off the axillary artery?

A

External thoracic artery
Lateral thoracic artery
Subscapular artery
Cranial circumflex artery

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163
Q

What are the nerves that come out of the brachial plexus?

A 
Suprascapular nerve
Subscapular nerve
Axillary nerve
Musculocutaneous nerve
Radial nerve
Median nerve
Ulnar nerve
Thoracodorsal nerve
Lateral thoracic nerve
Pectoral nerve
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164
Q

External thoracic artery

A

1st branch off the axillary artery.
(normal variation: may be off the same trunk as the lateral thoracic artery or superficial cervical artery)
Supplies the superficial pectorals.

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165
Q

Lateral thoracic artery

A

2nd branch off the axillary artery.
(normal variation: may be distal to the subscapular artery).
Supplies the latissimus dorsi, deep pectorals, cutaneus trunk, and thoracic mammae.

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166
Q

Subscapular artery

A 
3rd branch off the axillary artery. 
Three branches: 
Thoracodorsal artery
Caudal circumflex humeral artery
Continuation of the subscapular artery (supplies the scapula).
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167
Q

Cranial circumflex artery

A

4th branch off the axillary artery.
(normal variation: may be distal or proximal to the subscapular artery).
Supplies the biceps brachia and the joint capsule of the shoulder

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168
Q

Thoracodorsal artery

A

Supplies the trees major and latissimus dorsi

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169
Q

Caudal circumflex humeral artery

A

Wraps around the cranial side of the humerus (can be seen under the deltoideus on the lateral side).
Supplies the triceps, deltoids, coracobrachialis, infraspinatus, and shoulder joint capsule.

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170
Q

Brachial artery

A 
Continuation of the axillary artery over the humerus. Terminates in the median artery after the branch off of the common interosseous artery. 
Branches into: 
Collateral ulnar artery
Superficial brachial artery
Transverse cubital artery
Common interosseous artery
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171
Q

Collateral ulnar artery

A

1st branch off the brachial artery (across from a smaller bicipital artery)
Supplies the triceps, ulnar nerve, and the elbow

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172
Q

Superficial brachial artery

A

2nd branch off the brachial artery
More distally will anastomose with the cranial superficial antebrachial artery.
Supplies the dorsum of the forepaw

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173
Q

Transverse cubital artery

A

3rd branch off the brachial artery.

Supplies the elbow.

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174
Q

Cranial pectoral nerves

A

Derived from branches of the 6th/7th/8th cervical spinal nerves
Innervate superficial pectoral muscle.

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175
Q

Suprascapular nerve

A

Derived from 6th/7th cervical spinal nerves (Brachial plexus)
Passes directly across the scapular notch and so very susceptible to injury (sweeny in horses)
Innervates supraspinatus and infraspinatus

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176
Q

Subscapular nerve

A

Derived from 6th/7th cervical spinal nerves (Brachial plexus)
Innervates the subscapularis

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177
Q

Musculocutaneous nerve

A

Derived from 6th/7th/8th cervical spinal nerves (Brachial plexus)
Innervates coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, brachialis.
A branch off the musculocutaneous joins with the median nerve.

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178
Q

Axillary nerve

A

Derived from 7th/8th cervical spinal nerves (Brachial plexus)
Innervates

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179
Q

Thoracodorsal nerve

A

Derived from 8th cervical spinal nerve (Brachial plexus)

Innervates the latissimus dorsi

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180
Q

Radial nerve

A

Derived from 7th/8th cervical and 1st/2nd thoracic spinal nerves (Brachial plexus)
Innervates all the extensor muscles of the elbow, carpal, phalangeal joints, triceps, tensor fasciae antebrachii, and anconeus.
Terminates as a deep and superficial branch.

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181
Q

Median nerve

A

Derived from 8th cervical and 1st/2nd thoracic spinal nerves. (Brachial plexus) Common trunk with the ulnar nerve.
Receives a branch from the musculocutaneous nerve.
Innervates most of the muscles of the forearm and skin of the palmar surface of the paw -
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
Flexor carpi radialis
Superficial digital flexor
Parts of deep digital flexor

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182
Q

Ulnar nerve

A

Derived from 8th cervical and 1st/2nd thoracic spinal nerves (Brachial plexus) Common trunk with the median nerve.
Innervates the skin of the distal medial aspect of the brachium and the caudal aspect of the antebrachium -
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Parts of deep digital flexor

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183
Q

Caudal pectoral nerves

A

Derived from 8th cervical and 1st and 2nd thoracic spinal nerves.
Innervates the deep pectoral muscle.

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184
Q

Lateral thoracic nerve

A

Derived from from 8th cervical and 1st thoracic spinal nerves. (Brachial plexus)
Innervates the cutaneus trunci.

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185
Q

Cephalic vein

A

Begins on palmar surface of paw and runs over the cranial surface of the antebrachium.
Enters the external jugular vein near the thoracic inlet.

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186
Q

Accessory cephalic vein

A

Arises from small veins on the dorsum of the paw and joins the cephalic on the distal third of the antebrachium.

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187
Q

Median cubital vein

A

Forms connection between the cephalic and brachial veins over the flexor surface of the elbow.

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188
Q

Axillobrachial vein

A

Leaves the cephalic vein at the middle of the antebrachium.

Joins the axillary vein near the deltoideus.

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189
Q

Omobrachial vein

A

Arises from the axillobrachial vein and enters the external jugular vein cranial to the cephalic vein.

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190
Q

Median artery

A

Termination of the brachial artery after the branch of the common interosseous artery. Runs with the median vein.
Extends to the superficial palmar arch in the paw.
Branches:
Deep antebrachial artery
Radial artery

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191
Q

Common interosseous artery

A 
Short branch off the brachial artery. 
Branches into: 
Ulnar artery
Caudal interosseous artery
Cranial interosseous artery
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192
Q

Ulnar artery

A

Courses caudally from the common interosseous artery and continues with the ulnar nerve.
Supplies the ulnar and humeral heads of the deep digital flexor and flexor carpi ulnaris.

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193
Q

Caudal interosseous artery

A

Course distally from the common interosseous artery between the radius and ulna under the pronator quadratus.
Supplies many structures around the radius and ulna with small branches then joins with radial and median arteries to supply the palmar surface of the forepaw.

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194
Q

Cranial interosseous artery

A

Third branch off of the common interosseous artery, difficult to visualize.

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195
Q

Superficial palmar arch

A

Formed by the anastomosis of the median artery and caudal interosseous artery.
Gives rise to the palmar common digital arteries that supply the palmar surface of the forepaw.

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196
Q

Radial artery

A

Arises from the median artery in the middle of the leg and follows medial border of the radius.

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197
Q

Deep antebrachial artery

A

Caudal branch of the median artery just under the common interosseous artery.
Supplies the flexor carpi radialis, deep digital flexor, flexor carpi ulnaris, and superficial digital flexor.

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198
Q

Radial nerve

A

Supplies the extensors of the elbow, carpus, and digital joints.
Divides into superficial and deep branches, superficial divides again to medial, lateral, and lateral cutaneous branches.

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199
Q

Deep branch of the radial nerve

A

Courses with the brachial into the forearm.
Innervates the extensor carpi radialis, common digital extensor, supinator, lateral digital extensor, the abductor digiti I longus, and the ulnaris lateralis.

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200
Q

Medial and lateral branches of the radial nerve

A

Follow the medial and lateral sides of the cephalic vein.
Innervate (sensory to) the skin on the cranial and lateral surface of the forepaw and dorsal surface of the carpus, metacarpus and digits.
Terminate in the dorsal common digital nerves.

201
Q

Palmar branch of the ulnar nerve

A

Sensory to the palmar surface of the forepaw and motor to the intrinsic muscles of the forepaw.

202
Q

Dorsal and palmar common digital vessels and nerves

A

Superficial nerves and vessels of the forepaw

Each common trunk divides to branches medial and lateral to each digit.

203
Q

Dorsal and palmar metacarpal vessels and nerves

A

Deep nerves and vessels of the forepaw

Each common trunk divides to branches medial and lateral to each digit.

204
Q

Cutaneous area of a nerve

A

Entire area of skin innervated by a nerve. May overlap with the cutaneous area of other nerves.

205
Q

Autonomous zone of a nerve

A

The area of skin innervated solely by one nerve with no overlap by the adjacent nerves.

206
Q

External pudendal artery

A

Emerges from the superficial inguinal ring. Courses caudally near the gracialis.

207
Q

Caudal superficial epigastric artery

A

Continuation of the external pudendal artery that courses cranially over the rectus abdominus.
Supplies the prepuce, caudal abdominal mammae, inguinal mammae, labia, and scrotum.

208
Q

Superficial inguinal lymph nodes

A

Drain the mammae, prepuce, scrotum, and the ventral abdominal wall as far cranially as the umbilicus

209
Q

Cranial abdominal arteries

A

Arises with the caudal phrenic artery off the aorta

Perforate abdominal musculature and supply the skin.

210
Q

What are the four main arteries that supply the abdominal wall?

A

Cranial abdominal artery
Cranial epigastric artery
Caudal epigastric artery
Deep circumflex iliac artery

211
Q

Patterning of the ventral branches of the first four lumbar nerves

A 
Run ventrocaudally from their vertebra of origin to the area of skin innervated. 
(Names: 
T1: Cranial iliohypogastric
T2: Caudal iliohypogastric
T3: Ilioinguinal
T4: Lateral cutaneous femoral nerves)
212
Q

Genitofemoral nerve

A

Arises from the 3rd and 4th lumbar nerves
Bound to external pudendal vein
Innervates cremaster, prepuce, and skin of inguinal thigh in both sexes.

213
Q

Spermatic fascia

A

Continuation of abdominal and transversus fascia
Surrounds the structures coming through the superficial inguinal ring including the vaginal tunic, spermatic cord, and cremaster muscle.

214
Q

Vaginal process

A

Diverticulum of the peritoneum present in both sexes
Called the vaginal tunic in males and covers the testes, and spermatic parts.
Consists of parietal, visceral, and connecting parts.

215
Q

Parietal vaginal tunic

A

Outer layer of the peritoneal diverticulum. Surrounds a portion of the peritoneal cavity between the parietal and visceral tunics. Joins with the visceral layer at the caudal end of the testis.

216
Q

Visceral vaginal tunic

A

Inner layer of the peritoneal diverticulum, closely fused to the testis, epididymus, and ductus deferens. Joins with the parietal layer at the caudal end of the testis.

217
Q

Mesorchium

A

Connecting mesentery of the testis that contains nerves and vessels

218
Q

Mesoductus deferens

A

Fold of the peritoneum that attaches the ductus deferens to the body wall and mesorchium. Contains the artery, vein, and nerve of the ductus deferens.

219
Q

Spermatic cord

A

The ductus deferens and spermatic artery and vein (everything above the testes)

220
Q

Ductus deferens

A

Carries the sperm from the tail of the epididymus to the urethra.

221
Q

Deferens artery and vein

A

Accompany the ductus deferens

222
Q

Patterning of the testicular artery and vein

A

Veins and nerves are woven around the artery. Important for temperature control of the testes.

223
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Arises from the free border of the internal abdominal oblique and attaches to the vaginal tunic near the testes. Comes through the superficial inguinal ring.

224
Q

Pampiniform plexus

A

Venous plexus of the testicular veins, interwoven with nerves and wrapped around the artery, important for temperature control of the testes.

225
Q

Epididymus

A

Head: cranial, least mature sperm.
Middle
Tail: caudal, most mature sperm.

226
Q

Ligament of the tail of the epididymus

A

Connects the tail of the epididymus to the vaginal process.

Forms the round ligament of the uterus in females.

227
Q

Proper ligament of the testis

A

Connects the tail of the epididymus to the testis.

228
Q

Scrotum

A

Skin over the testes divided by an external raphe and an internal median septum.

229
Q

Round ligament of the uterus

A

Runs with the peritoneal diverticulum out of the superficial inguinal ring in the female. May
extend as far as the fascia.

230
Q

Nerve types in the plexus of the testes

A

Both autonomic and sensory

sympathetic axons from the third to 5th lumbar sympathetic ganglia.

231
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Short fissure filled with connective tissue, bounded by the four abdominal muscles and the superficial and deep inguinal rings. Vaginal tunic/process and spermatic cord/round ligament of the uterus travel through this canal.

232
Q

Abdominal cavity

A

Formed by the muscles of the abdominal wall, ribs, and the diaphragm. Lined by the peritoneum. Contains all of the abdominal organs.

233
Q

Peritoneal cavity

A

Closed space lined by a serous membrane, between the parietal and visceral peritoneum. No organs within the cavity.
Derived from somatic and splanchnic mesodermal layers of the embryonic coelom.

234
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Lines the body cavity of the abdomen and scrotum.

235
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Lines the organs of the abdominal cavity and scrotum.

236
Q

Connecting peritoneum

A

Double sheet of peritoneum that extends between the parietal and visceral peritoneums. Forms the mesentery that suspends the organs, as well as containing their nerves and vessels.
Its folds can form the mesenteries, omenta, or ligaments of the abdominal cavity.

237
Q

Transversalis fascia

A

Reinforces the parietal peritoneum and attaches it to the abdominal muscles and diaphragm.

238
Q

Falciform ligament

A

Fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the diaphragm.
Connects to the liver between the medial and quadrate lobes.
Accumulation of fat inside this ligament in adults.
Umbilical vein ran through this - may find remnants of the embryonic ventral mesentery here in young animals.

239
Q

Round ligament of the liver

A

Attached to the free border of the falciform ligament, more prominent in young animals.

240
Q

Median ligament of the bladder

A

Caudal to the umbilicus, fold of the peritoneum running caudally to the urinary bladder. Umbilical artery and urachus ran through this structure.

241
Q

Vaginal ring

A

Opening in the parietal peritoneum as it leaves the abdomen and enters the inguinal canal. Contains the spermatic cord and vaginal tunic/process.

242
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

Fatty structure formed by the folds of the transversalis fascia and associated adipose tissue on the superficial side of the vaginal ring.

243
Q

Caudal epigastric artery

A

Course cranially on the deep face of the caudal part of the rectus abdominis.
Origin from the pudendoepigastric trunk.

244
Q

Greater omentum

A

Also called the epiploon
Extension of the connecting peritoneum, with two layers.
Extends caudoventrally to many of the abdominal organs. (outside of the liver)

245
Q

Superficial leaf of the greater omentum

A

Lacelike. Layer closer to the peritoneum. Encloses the spleen.

246
Q

Deep leaf of the greater omentum

A

Layer closer to the viscera. Encloses the left lobe of the pancreas.

247
Q

Omental bursa

A

Space between the deep and superficial leaf of the greater omentums.
Can cause colic in horses if a loop of intestine becomes entrapped in this sac. May occasionally happen in the small animal but rare (epiploic entrapment).

248
Q

Urinary bladder

A

Empty: lies on the floor of the abdomen.
Full: Displaces freely moving viscera, frequently reaching a transverse plane through the umbilicus.

249
Q

Uterus

A

Short cevix

Two long horns.

250
Q

How does the uterus change shape during pregnancy?

A

Lies on the floor of the abdomen.

As pregnancy develops, middle parts of the horns move ventrocranially, causing the uterus to bend on itself.

251
Q

Round ligament of the uterus

A

May pass through the inguinal canal.
Fold of the peritoneum from the mesometrium which surrounds the uterus.
Remnant of fetal gubernaculum.
Becomes the ligament of the tail of the epididymus in males.

252
Q

Spleen

A 
Left side of the abdomen
Shape variable (HUGE in our dogs as a result of the barbiturates they were given).
253
Q

Gastrosplenic ligament

A

The part of the greater omentum that attaches to the spleen.

254
Q

Muscular parts of the diaphragm plus their attachments?

A

Tendinous center: V shaped and small, in the center of the diaphragm, runs between the costal and lumbar parts on each side.
Lumbar part: Left and right crura: attach to the bodies of L3 and L4 by large tendons.
Costal part: Arises from the medial surface of ribs 8-13, interdigitating with the transversus abdominis.
Sternal part: Narrow, from sternum to xyphoid cartilage.

255
Q

Cupula of the diaphragm

A

Most cranial part of the diaphragm, bulges into the thorax.

256
Q

Where does the aorta pass through the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus. Dorsal diaphragm.

257
Q

Where does the caudal vena cava pass through the diaphragm?

A

Caval foramen.

258
Q

Where does the esophagus pass through the diaphragm?

A

Esophageal hiatus. Right crus of the diaphragm.

259
Q

Where does the thoracic duct pass through the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus. Dorsal diaphragm.

260
Q

Where does the azygous vein pass through the diaphragm?

A

Aortic hiatus. Dorsal diaphragm.

261
Q

Liver (lobes)

A
  1. Caudate lobe
  2. Right lateral lobe
  3. Right medial lobe
    Gallbladder!
  4. Quadrate lobe
  5. Left medial lobe
  6. Left lateral lobe
262
Q

What are the two sides of the liver?

A

Visceral surface (caudal) and parietal surface (cranial).

263
Q

Which lobe of the liver does the right kidney contact?

A

Caudate lobe, forming the renal impression on the caudate process.

264
Q

Which lobe of the liver does the lesser curvature of the stomach contact?

A

Caudate lobe, contacting the papillary process of the caudate lobe.

265
Q

Lesser omentum

A

The omentum that is hidden under the liver and viscera rather than padding the ventral side of the viscera.

266
Q

Hepatoduodenal ligament

A

Right free edge of the lesser omentum, attaching the liver to the duodenum.
Contains the portal vein, hepatic artery, and the bile duct.

267
Q

Epiploic foramen

A

Formed by the omenta. Opens in the main peritoneal cavity.

268
Q

Mesoduodenum

A

Originates at the dorsal abdominal wall and root of the mesentery and attaches to the duodenum. Continuous with the mesentery of the jejunum.

269
Q

Duodenocolic fold

A

Attachment of the ascending duodenum to the mesocolon of the descending colon.

270
Q

Mesentery

A

Passageway for nerves and vessels to supply the small intestines. Continuous with the mesocolon of the ascending colon.

271
Q

Root of the mesentary

A

Attachment of the mesentery to the abdominal wall at the second lumbar vertebra.

272
Q

Mesocolon (parts and function)

A

Ascending, transverse, and descending parts.

273
Q

Right and left triangular ligaments

A

Extend from the right and left crus of the diaphragm to the right and left lateral lobes of the liver.

274
Q

Coronary ligament

A

Sheet of peritoneum continuous with both the right and left triangular ligaments on the dorsal side.

275
Q

Hepatic ducts

A

Carries bile from microscopic structures out of the liver from each lobe. Joins with the cystic duct to form the bile duct.
Variable arrangements.

276
Q

Gallbladder

A

Between the quadrate and right medial lobes of the liver
Storage for bile
Neck is continuous with the cystic duct.

277
Q

Cystic Duct

A

Carries bile to and from the gallbladder.

Joins with the hepatic ducts to form the bile duct.

278
Q

Bile duct

A

Ductus choldochus
Created by the joining of the hepatic and cystic ducts
No valves = flow in two directions
Empties into the duodenum at the major duodenal papilla.

279
Q

Major duodenal papilla

A

Termination of the bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

Most cranial papilla in the descending duodenum.

280
Q

Parts of the Stomach

A
  1. Cardiac part (near esophagus)
  2. Fundus (left side)
  3. Body (middle)
  4. Pyloric part (right side)
281
Q

Parts of the pylorus

A
  1. Pyloric antrum (initial and thin walled)
  2. Pyloric canal (narrower and thicker)
  3. Pylorus (sphincter)
282
Q

Lesser curvature of the stomach

A

Faces mainly to the right

283
Q

Greater curvature of the stomach

A

Faces mainly to the left

284
Q

How does the position of the empty stomach differ from that of the full stomach?

A

Empty stomach: Hidden under the liver, strongly curved around the papillary process of the liver.
Full stomach: In contact with the ventral abdominal wall, displacing the intestinal mass.

285
Q

Duodenum and its parts.

A

Most fixed part of the small intestine, suspended by mesoduodenum.

  1. Cranial duodenal flexure near the pylorus
  2. Descending part
  3. Caudal duodenal flexure
  4. Ascending part.
286
Q

Where does the duodenum turn into the jejunum?

A

Duodenojejunal flexure

At the root of the mesentary

287
Q

Jejunum

A

The coils of the small intestine, supplied by the cranial mesenteric artery.
Root of the mesentery attaches the jejunum to the dorsal body wall.

288
Q

Mesenteric lymph nodes

A

Near the vessels in the mesentery.

289
Q

Ileum

A

Continuous with the jejunum, recognized by the anti mesenteric iliac artery.

290
Q

Ileocolic orifice

A

Junction between the ileum and the colon. Sphincter.

291
Q

Cecum

A

S-shaped blind tube off of the colon.

Lies to the right of the colon.

292
Q

Cecocolic orifice

A

Junction between the cecum and the colon.

293
Q

Parts of the colon

A
  1. Ascending colon
  2. Right colic flexure
  3. Transverse colon
  4. Left colic flexure
  5. Descending colon
294
Q

Rectum

A

Continuous with the descending colon

295
Q

Parts of the pancreas

A

Body: at the pylorus
Left lobe: between the peritoneal layers that form the deep leaf of the greater omentum.
Right lobe: dorsomedial to the descending duodenum.

296
Q

Pancreatic duct

A

Terminates in the descending duodenum with the bile duct at the major duodenal papilla

297
Q

Accessory pancreatic duct

A

Terminates in the descending duodenum at the minor duodenal papilla (caudal to the major papilla).
Major pancreatic duct in the dog.

298
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Light cortex and dark medulla

Crossed by the common trunk of the caudal phrenic and cranial abdominal veins.

299
Q

What are the locations of the two kidneys?

A

Right kidney: L1-L3 (cranial)

Left kidney: L2-L4 (caudal)

300
Q

What are the kidneys considered to be?

A

Retroperitoneal organs.

301
Q

What passes through the hilus of the kidney?

A

Renal vessels and nerves and the ureter.

302
Q

Renal pelvis

A

Expansion of the ureter to collect urine.

303
Q

Renal sinus

A

Fat filled space that surrounds the renal pelvis and contains the renal vessels.

304
Q

Renal cortex

A

Light, granular region on the periphery of the kidneys. Contains renal corpuscles and tubules.

305
Q

Renal medulla

A

Darker, striated central portion of the kidneys that contains collecting ducts.

306
Q

Arcuate branches

A

Branches of the renal vessels that appear at the corticomedullary junction

307
Q

Renal crest

A

Ridge of the medulla projecting into the renal pelvis. Collecting tubules of the medulla end here.

308
Q

Renal pyramids

A

Formed by the medulla and the intersections of the pelvic recesses.

309
Q

Pelvic recesses

A

Projections of the renal pelvis outwards between the renal pyramids.

310
Q

Where are the ovaries located?

A

Near the caudal poles of the kidneys.

311
Q

Ovarian bursa

A

Thin walled peritoneal sac that encloses the ovary.
Slitlike orifice on the medial surface opens to the peritoneal cavity.
Formed by the mesovarium and the mesosalpinx.

312
Q

Uterine tube

A

Oviduct. Runs through the lateral wall of the bursa from the ovary to the uterine horn.

313
Q

Infundibulum

A

Dilated ovarian end of the uterine tube.
Fimbriated margin to catch eggs as they leave the ovary
Many fimbriae project through the orifice of the bursa into the peritoneum.

314
Q

Abdominal ostium

A

The entrance of the infundibulum into the uterus, where fertilization takes place.

315
Q

Tubouterine junction

A

Junction between the uterine horn and uterine tube.

Here the transit of sperm and ova are regulated.

316
Q

Broad ligaments of the uterus

A

Peritoneal folds that attach the uterus to the lateral sublumbar region.
Three parts: mesometrium, mesovarium, and mesosalpinx.

317
Q

Mesometrium

A

Attaches to cranial end of the vagina, uterine cervix, uterine body, and uterine horn.

318
Q

Uterine horn

A

Long part of the uterus from the uterine body and cervix to the uterine tube.

319
Q

Mesovarium

A

Cranial portion of the broad ligament and helps to create the ovarian bursa.

320
Q

Mesosalpinx

A

Helps create the ovarian bursa and attaches the uterine tube to the mesovarium.

321
Q

Suspensory ligament of the ovary

A

Holds the ovary in a relatively fixed position by connecting with the transversalis fascia.

322
Q

Proper ligament of the ovary

A

Attaches the ovary to the cranial end of the uterine horn

323
Q

Round ligament of the uterus

A

The free border of the mesometrium.
Homologue to the embryonic gubernaculum, which becomes the ligament of the tail of the epididymus in the male. Passes through the inguinal canal.

324
Q

Patterning of the vagus nerve

A

Travels through the neck in the vagosympathetic trunk (GVE, GVA)
Separates from the sympathetic trunk at the thoracic inlet
RLNs branch off
Branches into dorsal vagal trunk and ventral vagal trunk caudal to the heart
Passes through the esophageal hiatus
Gives off a celiac branch

325
Q

What do the dorsal and ventral branches of the vagus innervate?

A

The esophagus

326
Q

Where does cranial nerve ten pass through the diaphragm

A

Vagus nerve; through esophageal hiatus

327
Q

Dorsal vagal trunk

A

Uniting of the right and left dorsal vagal branches near the diaphragm

328
Q

Ventral vagal trunk

A

Uniting of the right and left ventral vagal branches caudal to the root of the lung

329
Q

What does the dorsal vagal trunk innervate in the abdomen?

A

Lesser curvature of the stomach, pylorus, small intestines, and adrenal glands.

330
Q

What does the ventral vagal trunk innervate in the abdomen?

A

Liver, parietal surface of the stomach, and the pylorus.

331
Q

Psoas minor

A

Cranial to the psoas major, running along the lumbar vertebrae within the abdomen.
Attachments: Fascia of the quadratus lumborum to T13 and L1-5, inserts on the arcuate line of the ilium.

332
Q

What type of nerves are the splanchnic nerves? What are the types of splanchic nerves?

A 
GVE sympathetics.  
Branch off of the sympathetic trunk. 
Major = First branch off at T12/13
Minor = before the adrenals
Lumbar = after the adrenals
333
Q

What does the major splanchnic nerve run towards?

A

Courses to celiacomesenteric ganglia and plexus.

334
Q

What do the minor splanchnic nerves innervate?

A

Adrenal glands.

Terminates in celiacomesenteric ganglia and plexus.

335
Q

How are the lumbar splanchnic nerves distributed?

A

To aorticorenal, cranial mesentaric, and caudal mesenteric ganglia and plexuses.

336
Q

What does the celiacomesenteric ganglion and plexus consist of?

A

Celiac ganglia
Cranial mesenteric ganglion
Terminal plexus of celiac artery

337
Q

What do the nerves of the caudal mesenteric ganglion innervate?

A

A portion of the colon

338
Q

Right and left hypogastric nerves

A

Leave the caudal mesenteric ganglion and run caudally near the ureters, then enter the pelvic canal.

339
Q

Lumbar arteries

A

Paired
Penetrated the dura and arachnoid to join with the ventral spinal artery and supply the spinal cord
Also supply muscles and skin above lumbar vertebrae.

340
Q

Celiac artery

A

From the aorta between the diaphragmatic crura.
Three branches: hepatic, left gastric, and splenic.
Often covered by the celiac plexus.

341
Q

Hepatic artery

A

First branch off the celiac, directed cranially towards the liver.
Branches into the hepatic branches (1-5), cystic artery, right gastric artery, and gastroduodenal artery.

342
Q

Hepatic branches

A

Leave the hepatic artery
Supply the liver
One to five branches

343
Q

Cystic artery

A

Leaves hepatic artery

Supplies the gallbladder

344
Q

Right gastric artery

A

Leaves the hepatic artery.
Small artery that passes dorsal to the stomach and then supplies the lesser curvature of the stomach.
Anastomoses with the left gastric artery.

345
Q

Gastroduodenal artery

A

Leaves the hepatic artery.
Supplies the pylorus.
Terminates with right gastroepiploic artery.

346
Q

Right gastroepiploic artery

A

Terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery.

Anastomoses with the left gastroepiploic artery and supplies the greater curvature of the stomach.

347
Q

Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

Terminal branch of the gastroduodenal artery, follows the descending duodenum.
Supplies the duodenum and right lobe of the pancreas.
Anastomoses with the caudal pacreaticoduodenal artery.

348
Q

Left gastric artery

A

Branch off of the celiac artery
Runs to the lesser curvature of the stomach and supplies both sides of the stomach.
Anastamoses with the right gastric artery near the pylorus.

349
Q

Splenic artery

A

Branch off of the celiac artery
Crosses and supplies the left lobe of the pancreas
Enters the hilus of the spleen
Gives rise to the short gastric arteries and left gastroepiploic artery.

350
Q

Short gastric arteries

A

Branches of the splenic artery

Supply the greater curvarture of the left side of the stomach.

351
Q

Left gastroepiploic artery

A

Branch of the splenic artery.
Supplies the greater curvature of the stomach.
Anastomoses with the right gastroepiploic artery.

352
Q

Cranial mesenteric artery

A

Unpaired, leaves the abdominal aorta just caudal to the celiac branch.
Branches into the common trunk of the middle and right colic arteries, the ileocolic artery, the caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery, the jejunal arteries, then terminates in the branches of the ileal arteries.

353
Q

Middle colic artery

A

Arises from a common trunk with the right colic artery off the cranial mesenteric.
One branch supplies the descending colon and anastamoses with the left colic artery.
Other branch supplies the left colic flexure and transverse colon and anastomoses with the right colic artery.

354
Q

Right colic artery

A

Arises from a common trunk with the middle colic artery off the cranial mesenteric.
Supplies the ascending colon, right colic flexure, and the transverse colon (anastomosing with the middle colic artery and colic branch of the ileocolic artery)

355
Q

Ileocolic artery

A

Branch off of the cranial mesenteric artery.

Branches into the colic branch and the cecal artery, then continues as the mesenteric ileal branch.

356
Q

Colic branch of the ileocolic artery

A

Supplies the ascending colon, anastomoses with the right colic artery.

357
Q

Cecal artery

A

Branch off of the ileocolic artery.
Supplies the cecum
Then terminates as the antimesenteric ileal artery supplying the ileum.

358
Q

Mesenteric ileal branch of the ileocolic artery

A

Termination of the ileocolic branch.
Supplies the ileum.
Anastomoses with the ileal arteries.

359
Q

Caudal pancreaticoduodenal artery

A

Branch of the cranial mesenteric artery.
Supplies descending duodenum and right lobe of the pancreas.
Anastamoses with the cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery.

360
Q

Jejunal arteries

A

Branches of the cranial mesenteric artery.

Form cascades in the mesentery and supply the jejunum.

361
Q

Ileal arteries

A

Termination of the cranial mesenteric artery.
Supply the ileum, run through the mesentery.
Last branch anastamoses with the ileocolic artery.

362
Q

Common trunk of the caudal phrenic and cranial abdominal arteries

A

Paired, arise from the abdominal aorta caudal to the cranial mesenteric and cranial to the renal arteries.

363
Q

Caudal phrenic artery

A

Runs cranially to supply the diaphragm.

364
Q

Cranial abdominal artery

A

Runs into the abdominal wall through the internal abdominal obliques, can be seen superficially.

365
Q

Renal arteries

A

Paired, leave the aorta at different levels (right cranial to the left)
Right is longer than the left.
Supply the kidneys.

366
Q

Ovarian arteries

A

Homologous to the testicular arteries.
Paired, caudal to the renal arteries.
Varies in size, position, and tortuosity depending on the size and the development of the uterus.
Supplies the ovary, ovarian bursa, uterine tube, and uterine horn.
Anastomoses with the uterine artery.

367
Q

Testicular arteries

A

Homologous to the ovarian arteries.
Also paired, caudal to the renal artery.
Crosses the ventral surface of the ureter.
Lies in the mesorchium with the vein and nerve plexus, then through the vaginal ring.

368
Q

Caudal mesenteric artery

A

Unpaired, arises from the abdominal aorta near its termination as the iliac arteries.
Runs in descending mesoduodenum and branches to the left colic artery and cranial rectal artery.

369
Q

Left colic artery

A

Supplies the left colic flexure and anastomoses with the middle colic artery.

370
Q

Cranial rectal artery

A

Descends along rectum and supplies.

Anastamoses with the middle rectal artery.

371
Q

Deep circumflex iliac artery

A

Paired, arises from the abdominal aorta near the external iliac.
Crosses the psoas minor, perforates abdominal wall and supplies skin of the caudal abdomen, flank, and cranial thigh.

372
Q

Portal vein

A

Returns blood from the GI tract to the liver and then to the caudal vena cava
Gastroduodenal vein: drains pancreas, stomach, duodenum, and greater omentum
Splenic vein: Drains lesser curvature of the stomach, spleen, pancreas, and greater omentum
Cranial and caudal mesenteric veins: drain the small intestine
Separates into a right and left branch as it enters the liver, to right and left three lobes each.

373
Q

Levator ani muscles

A

Broad thin muscle lying dorsal to the internal obturator on the wing of the ileum.
Attachments: Medial edge of the body of the ileum and caudal vertebrae 3-7.

374
Q

Coccygeus muscle

A

Lateral to the levator ani - can be seen on the medial surface of the leg next to the internal obturator.
Attachments: ischiatic spine and transverse processes of caudal verterbrae 2-4.

375
Q

Pelvic diaphragm

A

Formed by the coccygeus and levator ani muscles.
Contract with the abdominal muscles to keep the viscera from moving into the pelvic canal.
In older dogs can become weak and may see perianal hernias.

376
Q

Pelvic plexus

A

Lies near the colon, dorsal to the prostate, and near the vaginal/prostatic artery.
Joining of the hypogastric nerve (sympathetic) and pelvic nerve (parasympathetic).

377
Q

Pelvic nerve

A

Parasympathetic preganglionic axons.
Very small, runs from the bladder to the pelvic plexus
Supplies: urogenital organs, rectum, descending colon.

378
Q

Pararectal fossa

A

Extension of the peritoneal cavity dorsal to the rectum on either side of the mesorectum.
Extends to second caudal vertebra.

379
Q

Rectogenital pouch

A

Continuous with pararectal fossa, ventral to this. Communicates with the uterus in the female.

380
Q

Vesicogenital pouch

A

In the female, the pouch between the uterus and the bladder.

381
Q

Iliac artery patterning

A

External iliac becomes the femoral artery.
Internal iliac branches into the caudal gluteal artery and internal pudendal artery. Also gives off the round ligament of the bladder, the remnant of the umbilical artery.
Small unpaired median sacral artery between the internal iliac.

382
Q

Vascular lacuna

A

Where the external iliac exits the abdominal cavity and becomes the femoral artery.

383
Q

Pubovesical pouch

A

Communication of the rectogenital (male) or vesicogenital (female) pouch between the bladder and the ventral body wall and pubis. Divided by the median ligament of the bladder.

384
Q

Caudal gluteal artery

A

Branch of the internal iliac artery.

Supplies the muscles on the outside of the pelvis and the caudal thigh.

385
Q

Internal pudendal artery

A

Branch of the internal iliac artery.
Vaginal/prostatic artery branches off here.
Supplies the pelvic viscera and external genitalia at the ischial arch.

386
Q

Vaginal/prostatic artery

A

Branch off of the internal pudendal artery.

Termination = uterine artery or artery of the ductus deferens.

387
Q

Uterine artery

A

Supplies the uterus, and branches into a caudal vesical artery and middle rectal artery.

388
Q

Caudal vesical artery

A

Branch off of the uterine or artery of the ductus deferens.
Supplies bladder, urethra (both sexes)
Female - also runs in round ligament of the uterus to supply the uterine body and horn, anastomoses with the uterine branch of the ovarian artery.

389
Q

Middle rectal artery

A

Branch off of the uterine or the artery of the ductus deferens.
Female: supplies rectum and vagina.
Male: supplies rectum, prostate, and urethra.

390
Q

Artery of the ductus deferens

A

Branch off the prostatic artery.
Gives off caudal vesicle and middle rectal arteries.
Supplies the ductus deferens.

391
Q

Ventral perineal artery

A

Termination of the internal pudendal artery after it passes the ischiatic notch with a variable urethral artery and artery of the penis/clitoris.
Branch here for the caudal rectal artery to the rectum and anus.

392
Q

Artery of the penis

A

Terminates as three branches at the ischial arch:
Artery of the bulb of the penis
Deep artery of the penis
Dorsal artery of the penis
Surrounded by veins that will assist with erection.

393
Q

Artery of the bulb of the penis

A

Arborizes in the bulb of the penis

Supplies corpus spongiosum and penile urethra.

394
Q

Deep artery of the penis

A

Enters the corpus cavernous at the crus.

395
Q

Dorsal artery of the penis

A

Supplies the prepuce and pars long glandis.

396
Q

Artery of the clitoris

A

Supplies clitoris and vestibular bulb.

397
Q

Cranial vesical arteries

A

Remnant artery of the umbilical artery that has not closed all the way to the round ligament of the bladder. Supply bladder.

398
Q

Parts of the urinary bladder

A

Apex
Body
Neck: no gross sphincter but smooth muscle innervation makes a physiological sphincter

399
Q

Lateral ligament of the bladder

A

Attaches the bladder to the pelvic wall, often contains adipose tissue.

400
Q

Urethral muscle

A

Serves as a voluntary sphincter for the urethra
In the pelvic canal and surrounds the urethra.
Innervated by the pudendal nerve

401
Q

Trigone of the bladder

A

Triangle formed by the urethra and the entrance of the ureters into the bladder.

402
Q

What are the infoldings of the empty bladder called?

A

Rugae

403
Q

Where is the rectum

A

Within the pelvic canal. Continuous with the colon and the anal canal.

404
Q

Three zones of the anal canal

A

Columnar zone: (Mucosa forms longitudinal ridges/anal columns)
Cutaneous zone: Fine hairs, cirucumanal glands, and paranal sinus).
Anus: After the external sphincter muscle.

405
Q

Paranal sinus

A

Anal sac

Opens into the cutaneous zone of the anal canal.

406
Q

Where is the external sphincter muscle and what kind of muscle does it contain? What supplies the external sphincter muscle?

A

Surrounds the anal sac external to the cutaneous zone of the anal canal
Striated muscle
Innervated by the caudal rectal branch of the pudendal nerve
Supplied by the caudal rectal branch of the pudendal artery. `

407
Q

Where is the internal sphincter muscle and what kind of muscle does it contain?

A

Enlargement of the smooth muscle coat of the anal canal near the anus.

408
Q

Rectococcygeus muscle

A

Lies between the levator ani and the coccygeus to connect the anus with the tail
Attachments: dorsal surface of the rectum and sphincter muscles to caudal vertebrae.

409
Q

Prostate gland (male)

A

Surrounds the neck of the bladder, varies in size.

Thick capsule that is partially divided into right and left lobes by a septum.

410
Q

Uretral parts (male)

A

Pelvic part
Penile part
Based on location

411
Q

Colliculus seminalis (male)

A

Hillock into the lumen of the urethra where the ductus deferens opens.

412
Q

Parts of the penis (male)

A

Root (crura and bulb)
Body (fibrous region that “locks” by bending).
Glans (pars longa glandis and bulbis glandis)

413
Q

Preputial orifice (male)

A

Opening of the prepuce

Haired region and smooth region of the prepuce meet here.

414
Q

Fornix (male)

A

Deepest recess of the prepuce, pocketlike. Eliminated in erection.

415
Q

Urethral crest (male)

A

Widening of the prostate into the pelvic urethra.

416
Q

What are the crura of the root of the penis formed by? (male)

A

Corpus cavernosum penis
Vascular cavernous tissue
Extends from the ischiatic tuberosities on each side.

417
Q

What is the corpus cavernosum penis supplied by? (male)

A

Deep artery of the penis

418
Q

Tunica albuginea (male)

A

Thick fibrous white tunic surrounding the corpus cavernosum.

419
Q

Ischiocavernosus muscle (male)

A

Arises from the ischiatic tuberosity and covers the origin of the crus, then inserts on the crus.

420
Q

Retractor penis muscle (male)

A

Very long and skinny cordlike muscle. Mix of smooth and striated muscle.
Attachments: ventral surface of the sacrum, first 2-3 caudal vertebrae, and anal sphincters to the glans of the penis.

421
Q

Bulbospongiosus muscle (male)

A

Bulges between the ischiocavernosus and covers the bulb of the penis.

422
Q

Bulb of the penis (male)

A

Dorsal expansion of the corpus spongiosum.

Part of the root of the penis between the left and right crura and covered by the bubospongiosus m.

423
Q

Corpus spongiousum (male)

A

Surrounds the urethra over its entire length.

Supplied by the artery of the bulb of the penis.

424
Q

Ischiourethralis muscle (male)

A

Transverse muscle from ischial tuberosity to pelvic symphysis. Encircles the left and right dorsal veins of the penis, helping maintain erection.

425
Q

Bulbis glandis (male)

A

Expansive vascular structure that surrounds the proximal end of the os penis
Helps retain the penis in the vagina during copulation.
Separated from the pars longa glandis by connective tissue.

426
Q

Pars longa glandis (male)

A

Overlaps with the bulbis glands and continues to the distal end. Separated from the bulbis glands by connective tissue.

427
Q

Os penis (male)

A

Forms about 1mo after birth from ossification of corpora cavernosa.
Ends in a pointed cartilagenous tip dorsal to urethral opening.

428
Q

Deep V in the center of the os penis is called?
Which surface is it on?
(male)

A

The urethral groove
Surrounds the urethra and corpus spongiosum on 3 sides.
Ventral surface

429
Q

Cervix (female)

A

Constricted caudal portion of the uterus. Small palpable enlargement grossly.

430
Q

Cervical canal (female)

A

Vertical opening through the cervix.

431
Q

Vagina (female)

A

Between the cervix and the vestibule. Mucosal lining has transverse folds so that it can expand.

432
Q

Fornix (female)

A

s

433
Q

Vestibule (female reproductive tract)

A

Continuous between the vagina and the vulva.

Contains the vestibular bulbs, fossa clitoris, and the urethral tubercle.

434
Q

Urethral tubercle (female)

A

Projection of tissue where the vagina and urethra meet the wall of the vestibule.
Dorsal to the vulva.
Contains the external urethral orifice.

435
Q

Vestibular bulbs (female)

A

Erectile tissue homologous to the bulb of the penis. Small and close to the clitoris in the vestibular walls.

436
Q

Clitoris (female)

A

Female homologue of the penis. Located in the floor of the vestibule.

437
Q

Glans clitoridis (female)

A

Two crura attached and a glans body. Very small erectile structure in the fossa clitoridis . May contain an os clitoridis.

438
Q

Fossa clitoridis (female)

A

Contains the glans clitoridis, in the floor of the vestibule.
Do not mistake with the urethral opening (which is cranial and ventral farther into the vestibule).

439
Q

Vulva parts (female)

A

Two labia that are joined by dorsal and ventral commissures.

440
Q

Rima pudendi

A

Orifice formed by the parts of the vulva.

441
Q

Neurons are? Axons are?

A

Excitable cells that are the functional unit of a nerve. Their axons move signals from one part of the body to another.

442
Q

What are the layers of the meninges?

A 
(Epidural/extradural space)
The Dura mater
(Subdural space - more spread out). 
The Arachnoid mater
(subarachnoid space)
The Pia mater
443
Q

Cerebral spinal fluid cisterns

A

Cerebellomedullay (can access at the atlantoccipital joint).

Lumbosacral (can access at the end of L7).

444
Q

What are the functions of cerebral spinal fluid?

A

Protect the central nervous system
Provide nutrients
Provide a sink for electrons
Provide buoyancy so the CNS weighs very little.

445
Q

Brain epidural space

A

A potential space - not there unless something is wrong such as a hematoma. Its presence increases inter cranial pressure.

446
Q

Spinal nerve formula for the dog?

A

C8 T13 L7 S3 Cd5 (36 pairs)

447
Q

Caudal Equina

A

The combination of nerves L6-Cd5 that branch off of L5/6/7 (spp. dependent) like a horse’s tail.

448
Q

Autonomic nervous system.

A

Synonym for visceral nervous system.

449
Q

How do you test a reflex arc? What is going on in the nerves?

A

Often with skin pinching. Should see the cutaneus trunci twitch. This is from the afferent neuron communicating via a spinal cord interneuron in the spinal cord before the signal is sent to the brain.

450
Q

How are the spinal nerves numbered in relation to vertebrae?

A

Cervical - for the vertebrae caudal to the nerve
Thoracic and beyond - for the vertebrae cranial to the nerve.
Nerve segments of the spinal cord starts to not match vertebrae at the lumbar portion.

451
Q

Why can we breathe without thinking about it?

A

Strong reflex arcs of the diaphragm

Will cause us to pass out before we can suffocate ourselves.

452
Q

What are some examples of SSAs?

A

Balance, Vision, Hearing

453
Q

What are some examples of SVAs?

A

Taste, Olfaction

454
Q

Cortical input

A

Conscious control

455
Q

What do GVAs sense?

A

The internal environment mainly.

Chemical and physical status (temp, pressure, stretch, pH)

456
Q

What do GSAs sense?

A

The external environment mainly.

Pressure temp and pain from bones, skin and CT.

457
Q

Name some physiological responses to a sympathetic signal.

A

Increased:
HR, RR, airway diameter, urination
Decreased:
Pupil size (mydriasis), GI output and movement
Varied:
vascular smooth muscle depending on location

458
Q

Name some physiological responses to a parasympathetic signal.

A

Decreased:
HR, RR, airway diameter, urination
Increased
Pupil size (miosis), GI output and motility.

459
Q

What types of tissue only have connections to one type of GVE? What type?

A

Vascular smooth muscle
Piloerector muscles
Sweat glands
Have only sympathetic innervation. Other tissues normally always in flux state between the two.

460
Q

What tissue within the heart carries electrical impulses from Purkinje fibers?

A

Trabeculae carnae.

461
Q

“Right sided” circulation

A

Pulmonary, low pressure

462
Q

“Left sided” circulation

A

Systematic, high pressure

463
Q

What is the general venous return pathway for blood from:

  1. The head
  2. The front limbs
  3. Back/dorsum
  4. GI system
  5. Hind limbs and kidneys
A
  1. External jugular to cranial v.c.
  2. Cephalic vein to cranial v.c.
  3. Azygous to cranial v.c.
  4. Hepatic portal system to caudal v.c.
  5. Caudal v.c.
464
Q

Ductus venosum

A

Normal fetal shunt for the umbilical artery through the liver.

465
Q

What is the point of the FO and PDA?

A

To improve efficiency so that the fetal circulation does not have to go through the useless underdeveloped lungs.

466
Q

S1 occurs in which phase of the cardiac cycle? What is it caused by?

A

Diastole

Closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves.

467
Q

S2 occurs in which phase of the cardiac cycle? What is it caused by?

A

Systole

Closure of the atrioventricular valves

468
Q

What are the stages of the cardiac cycle (5)?

A
  1. Atria contract (top off ventricles)
  2. Ventricles contract and pressure increases, AV valves close, Pul/Aortic valves open, and blood is ejected.
    (1 and 2 are systole, shorter)
  3. Ejection slows and ventricles relax.
  4. Aor/Pul valves close and AV valves open as pressure of ventricles drops
  5. Atria and ventricles fill (at the same time).
    (3,4,and 5 are diastole, longer)
469
Q

In which phase is the heart relaxed?

A

Diastole

470
Q

What produces heart sounds?

A

Vibrations from the sudden increase in pressure on inelastic valvular tissue.

471
Q

Puncta maxima localization scheme

A

P: Pulmonary valve, on the left 3rd intercostal space
A/M: Aortic/mitral valve, on left 4th intercostal space.
R: Right AV, on R 5th intercostal space.
L: Left AV on L 5th intercostal space.

472
Q

Basal/Apical localization scheme

A

Combine P/A (basal) and R/L (apical)

473
Q

Which heart sound can split? Why?

A

S2 in very athletic animals.

474
Q

What would cause a murmur?

A

Turbulent blood flow due to stenosis or valvular insufficiency.

475
Q

In what area can normal lung sounds be heard?

A

Around the large airways

Abnormal to hear sounds in smaller airways.

476
Q

Which GVE has more broad coverage of the body?

A

The parasympathetic - into the brainstem as well.

477
Q

How can you estimate the age of the animal from a thoracic radiograph?

A

Radiodensity of the thymus

Older animals have radiolucent (fattier) thymuses

478
Q

What type of nerves is the brachial plexus primarily?

A

GSE and GSA

Some GVE for blood supply

479
Q

What vessels supply the extensors of the antebrachium primarily?

A

Axillary and radial

480
Q

What vessels supply the flexors of the antebrachium primarily?

A

Median and ulnar

481
Q

What are the major sources of blood to the forepaw?

A

Median artery and caudal interosseous (radial branch).

482
Q

Collateral circulation

A

If one blood supply is cut off the other can make up for it.

483
Q

Is an open or closed castration technique preferred for small animals?

A

Open.

Peritoneal cavity is open but technique is aseptic so this is okay.

484
Q

Vaginal cavity

A

Continuous with the peritoneal cavity. Around the testes.

485
Q

Blood supply to the abdominal wall

A

Dorsal: Cranial abdominal artery and Deep circumflex iliac artery
Ventral: Cranial epigastric artery and caudal epigastric artery (and their superficial branches)

486
Q

What does the diaphragm look like when the dog is in right lateral recumbency?

A

The right crus is pushed cranial to the left crus.

487
Q

What is the main muscle of inspiration?

A 
The diaphragm
(others = muscles that pull the ribs laterally and cranially - external intercostals, serratis doornails, scalenus).
488
Q

What is the main muscle of expiration

A

None - mainly the passive elastic recoil of the lungs and chest wall. Additional muscles recruited only with exertion.

489
Q

Heave line

A

Mainly seen in horses.
Hypertrophy of the external abdominal obliques because of chronic effort to exhale due to an emphysema like condition caused by allergens.

490
Q

How far does the abdominal cavity extend into the thorax via the cupula?

A

13th - 8th rib normally.

491
Q

Name five structures on the left side of the abdomen?

A 
Liver (both sides)
L kidney
Stomach
Spleen
Descending colon
492
Q

Name five structures on the right side of the abdomen?

A 
Liver (both sides)
R kidney
Descending duodenum
Cecum
Ascending colon
493
Q

Name three structures in the dorsal abdomen?

A

Root of the mesentery
Transverse colon
Urinary bladder

494
Q

What is found in the ventral abdomen?

A

The omentum

Spleen if enormously enlarged.

495
Q

Functions of the omentum

A

Pads the organs

With damage forms adhesions with muscles to wall off areas of inflammation.

496
Q

What is a sign of obesity in an abdominal radiograph?

A

A very clear falciform ligament in the ventral abdomen.

497
Q

Where are the kidneys seen radiographically?

A

R kidney: L1-L3 (can only see the caudal pole in most radiographs)
L kidney: L2-L4

498
Q

Name the unpaired arteries of the abdomen

A

Celiac
Cranial mesenteric
Caudal mesenteric
All supply the GI tract primarily

499
Q

Why are splenectomies so time consuming?

A

Major branches of the splenic artery continue to the stomach and pancreas. Must ligate only the very small arteries next to the capsule of the spleen to avoid cutting off blood supply to those organs.

Anatomy I (Fall) (8 decks)

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