Lecture Terms Flashcards
axial skeleton
vertebral column, skull, ribs, sternum
appendicular skeleton
long limbs, pelvic and pectoral girdle
flexion angle
depends on functionality - flexing a muscle will happen if the flexor angle is DECREASED
cranial/caudal above the hock or manus
palmar/plantar/dorsal beneath it
Five recognized radiodensities
From radiolucent to radiopaque:
Air, Fat/Oil, Water/Soft Tissue, Bone, and Metal
Orthogonal angle
A perpendicular angle, necessary to get 3d information from two 2d images
Why are shoulder and scapula fx and luxations relatively uncommon?
Scapula is held close to the body and has a great deal of muscle padding. The shoulder has a very large articular surface - it is hard for it to get displaced.
Why are humeral and rad/ulna fx common?
Far from the body and more exposed
Meant to bear weight cranially/caudally not orthogonally.
Is luxation of the elbow usually medial or lateral?
Lateral. The capitulum and the lateral epicondyle of the humerus are both smaller than their medial counterparts.
How should luxation of the elbow be reset?
With the elbow flexed. The olecranon will be in the way otherwise.
luteinizing hormone (LH)
Hormone that surges 24 hours prior to ovulation. Causes the maturation the follicle/oocyte.
What is the progression of the maturation of the oocyte in the ovary?
Primordial follicle Secondary follicle Mature follicle Ovulation Corpora lutea
What are the major trends of progesterone and estrogen during proestrus?
estrogen decreases hyperbolically
progesterone increases hyperbolically
How long after breeding can the sperm fertilize the egg?
Species dependent.
Most: 4-6 days
Horses/Dogs: 7-10 days
When does the oocyte’s first mitotic division takes place and what is formed?
After sperm are in place but before fertilization. Creates the female pronucleus and the two polar bodies.
What produces progesterone?
corpora lutea
Where is the sperm deposited.
Species dependent.
Vagina, cervex, or uterine body
Where does fertilization of the egg occur?
In the oviduct
aka the uterine tube
What facilitates the movement of sperm to the oviduct?
Increase in mucus production of the uterus during ovulation.
What are the three key reactions of fertilization?
Capacitation, Acrosome, and Cortical reactions.
Capacitation
Sperm
Shedding of the glycoprotein coat while in the uterine tube. Exposes reactors on the head of the sperm.
Acrosome
Sperm
Proteolytic enzymes are released from the acrosomal vesicle which starts digesting the outer portion of the zone pellucida so that the sperm can enter and start the cell division process.
Cortical
Oocyte
Prevents polyspermy. After one sperm breaks in there is a large increase in intercellular calcium. This changes cell surface ligands and creates a zone-block against other sperm.
When do the male and female pronuclei form?
Female - first meiotic division just before fertilization.
Male - Directly after fertilization.
When does the fertilized oocyte become a zygote?
Once female and male pronuclei form they fuse and mitotically divide. After this division the body is considered a zygote.