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Anatomy I (Fall) > Axial Skeleton and Muscles > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton and Muscles Flashcards

1
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Seven. Atlas, axis. 3-7 have a ventral crest and gradually increasing spinous processes.

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2
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Thirteen. All have prominent spines. The first 10 have tall caudally inclining spines. The 11th is the anticlinal vertebra. The 12th and 13th have spines that incline cranially.

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3
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Seven. All have prominent but blunt spinous processes. Large transverse processes directed cranially and ventrolaterally.

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4
Q

Sacral vertebrae

A

Three, fused into a single bone. Body of the first segment is larger than the combined bodies of the next two segments.

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5
Q

Caudal vertebrae

A

Twenty. Lose distinctive features as they move caudally.

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6
Q

Vertebral body

A

ventral side of the vertebra. constricted centrally. Dogs: cranial extremity convex, caudal extremity concave.

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7
Q

Vertebral arch

A

dorsal side of the vertebra. Two pedicles (basal) and two laminae (dorsal)

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8
Q

Nucleus pulposus

A

Soft center of the intervertebral disc.

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9
Q

Anulus fibrosus

A

Concentric layers of dense tissue, the outer layer of the intervertebral disc.

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10
Q

Vertebral foramen

A

Main canal formed by the vertebral body and vertebral arch.

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11
Q

Vertebral canal

A

All vertebral foramina join together to form this.

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12
Q

Cranial vertebral notches

A

shallow notches formed by the vertebral arch pedicles.

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13
Q

Caudal vertebral notches

A

Deeper notches than the cranial, formed by the vertebral arch pedicles.

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14
Q

Intervertebral foramina

A

Spaces that the vertebral notches form with the bodies of adjacent vertebrae, along with the intervening fibrocartilage. Spinal nerves and blood vessels pass through these points.

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15
Q

Spinous process

A

dorsally located vertebral

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16
Q

Transverse process

A

lateral vertebral processes from the region where the arch joins the vertebral body.

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17
Q

Articular processes

A

Cranial and caudal on each vertebra. At the junction of the pedicle and the lamina on the vertebral arch. Cranial articulating surfaces point medially or dorsally, caudal surfaces are ventrally or laterally.

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18
Q

Atlas

A

1st cervical vertebra. Articulates with the skull cranially. Lacks a spinous process and has a reduced vertebral body.

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19
Q

Wings of the Atlas

A

Origin of the omotransversarius. Thick shelflike transverse processes of the atlas, which have the transverse foramina running obliquely dorsal/ventral.

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20
Q

Cranial articular fovae of the atlas

A

On the atlas, fovae that articulate with the occipital condyles of the skull to form the atlanto-occipital joint.

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21
Q

Atlanto-occipital joint

A

Between the atlas and the occipital condyles of the skull. Main movement is flexion and extension.

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22
Q

Caudal articular fovae of the atlas

A

shallow glenoid cavities that articulate with the axis.

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23
Q

Atlantoaxial joint

A

Rotatory movement occurs between the atlas and the axis.

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24
Q

Fovea dentis

A

Concave part of the dorsal surface of the vertebral body on which the dens of the axis rests.

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25
Q

Transverse foramina of the atlas

A

Run obliquely through the wings of the atlas. Contain the vertebral artery and vein.

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26
Q

Lateral vertebral foramina of the atlas

A

Foramina on the vertebral arch of the atlas. Contains the first cervical nerve.

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27
Q

Axis

A

2nd cervical vertebra. Elongated with large ridgelike spinous process.

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28
Q

Dens of the axis

A

Cranial peglike prominence that sits in the vertebral foramen of the atlas.

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29
Q

Cranial articular surface of the axis

A

Contiguous with the dens. Articulates with the caudal articular surface of the atlas to form the atlantoaxial joint around which rotary action of the skull takes place.

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30
Q

Specialization of the 6th cervical vertebra

A

Tallest spinous process of cervical region

Expanded ventral lamina of the transverse process.

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31
Q

Cranial and caudal articular processes of the cervical vertebrae

A

Face dorsally and cranially in articulation.

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32
Q

Ventral crest (vertebrae)

A

on cervical vertebrae 3-7

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33
Q

Cranial and caudal costal fovea

A

Thoracic vertebrae. Articulations for the head of ribs 1-10.

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34
Q

Anticlinial vertebrae

A

Thoracic vertebra #11. All spines cranial point caudally while all spines caudal point cranially. This is the tipping point vertebrae.

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35
Q

Articular processes of the thoracic vertebrae

A

Mostly dorsal/ventral on 1-10. 10-13 lateral/medial.

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36
Q

Caudal articular processes are usually…

A

Ventral or lateral faces.

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37
Q

Cranial articular processes are usually…

A

Dorsal or medial faces.

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38
Q

Accessory process

A

First seen on thoracic vertebrae, lacking on cervical. Caudal projection of the pedicle. Lays ventral to the caudal articular process.

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39
Q

Mamillary process

A

On thoracic vertebrae. Knoblike dorsal projection of the transverse process (2-10) or knoblike dorsal projection of the cranial articular processes (11-caudal vertebrae). Connect to epaxial muscles of the transversospinalis system.

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40
Q

Articular processes of the lumbar vertebrae

A

Medial and lateral (on a sagittal plane).

41
Q

Medial sacral crest

A

Represents the fusion of the three spinous processes of the fused sacral vertebrae.

42
Q

Dorsal sacral foramina

A

2 pairs on dorsal surface of the sacrum. Transmit the dorsal branches of the first two sacral spinal nerves.

43
Q

Pelvic sacral foramina

A

2 pairs on the ventral surface of the sacrum. Transmit the ventral braces of the first two sacral spinal nerves.

44
Q

Auricular face of the sacrum

A

Articulates with the ilium

45
Q

Base of the sacrum

A

Thick cranial portion of the sacrum

46
Q

Promontory

A

Ventral transverse ridge of the sacrum.

47
Q

Costal cartilages

A

Paired with each rib. Connect to the sternum mainly or help form the costal arch on ribs 10-12.

48
Q

Rib head

A

Articulates with the costal fovea of two contiguous ribs on 1-10. 11-13 just articulate with the cranial fovea.

49
Q

Rib tubercle

A

Articulates with the costal fovea of the transverse process (of the vertebrae with the same number).

50
Q

Neck of the rib

A

Between the head and the tubercle of the rib.

51
Q

Sternebrae

A

Eight unpaired segments on the ventral midline.

52
Q

Intersternebral cartilages

A

Join consecutive sternebrae.

53
Q

Manubrium

A

First sternebrae, has a cranial clublike enlargement

54
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Last sternebrae, flattened dorsoventrally.

55
Q

Axial muscles

A

Muscles of the trunk and neck

56
Q

Hypaxial muscles

A

Manly flexors of the vertebral column.

57
Q

Epaxial muscles

A

Mainly extensors of the vertebral column.

58
Q

Longus capitus

A

On the lateral surface of the cervical vertebrae. Attachments: transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and basiooccipital bone.

59
Q

Longus colli

A

Many overlapping fascicles, ventral to the longus capitus. Attachments: transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae and adjacent fascicle.

60
Q

Scalenus

A

Attachments: first few ribs and transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae.
Action: Inspiration by drawing the ribs forward.

61
Q

Serratus dorsalis cranialis

A

O: Aponeurosis deep to the rhomboideus
Median raphe of the neck
I: Craniolateral surfaces of the ribs
A: Lifts the ribs for inspiration

62
Q

Serratus dorsalis caudalis

A

O: Aponeurosis from the thoracolumbar fascia
I: caudal borders of the last three ribs
A: Draws last three ribs caudally in expiration.

63
Q

External intercostal muscles

A

Fibers run caudoventrally.
Attachments: caudal border of one rib to cranial border of the caudal rib.
Action: Draw the ribs together. Inspiratory or expiratory based on rib position.

64
Q

Internal intercostal muscles

A

Fibers run cranioventrally. Pleura attaches to this muscle in the thoracic cavity.
Attachments: cranial border of one rib to the caudal border of the cranial rib.
Action: Draw the ribs together. Inspiratory or expiratory based on rib position.

65
Q

All four abdominal muscles

A

external abdominal oblique, internal abdominal oblique, rectus abdominis, transversus abdominis.

66
Q

External abdominal oblique

A

Fibers run caudoventrally.
O: costal part from last ribs
lumbar part from thoracolumbar fascia and rib 7 or 8.
I: wide aponeurosis over linea alba and the prepubic tendon.

67
Q

Superficial inguinal ring

A

Separation in two parts of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique where vaginal tunic/process and spermatic cord/cremaster muscle in males.

68
Q

Inguinal canal

A

Ends in the superficial inguinal ring. Bordered by all four abdominal muscles.

69
Q

Vaginal tunic/process

A

Tunic in males, process in females. Process is fatty tissue that will envelop the ligament of the uterus. Tunic is fatty tissue that will enclose the spermatic cord and cremaster muscle.

70
Q

Inguinal ligament

A

Caudal border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique, terminating on the prepubic tendon/iliopubic eminence. Between the superficial inguinal ring and the vascular lacuna.

71
Q

Vascular lacuna

A

The base of the femoral triangle under the vessels.

72
Q

Internal abdominal oblique

A

Fibers run cranioventrally.
O: Superficial leaf of the thoracolumbar fascia
Tuber coxae and inguinal ligament
I: Wide aponeurosis on the costal arch, linea alba, and prepubic tendon.

73
Q

Cremaster muscle

A

Formed from fibers of the caudal border of the internal abdominal oblique. Raises and lowers the testes.

74
Q

Transversus abdominis

A

Fibers run transversely
O: Medial surface of last 4-5 ribs
Transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae through thoracolumbar fascia
I: aponeurosis at linea alba
Forms the internal sheath of the rectus abdominis

75
Q

Rectus abdominus

A

Fibers run craniocaudally with distinct transverse tendinous intersections
O: Pecten of the pubis as the prepubic tendon
I: Sternum

76
Q

Deep inguinal ring

A

On the inside of the abdominal wall in the inguinal canal.

77
Q

Spermatic cord

A

Passes through the inguinal canal, carries sperm from testes to penis.

78
Q

Iliocostalis system

A

Most ventral of the three epaxial systems

79
Q

Longissimus system

A

Middle of the three epaxial systems

80
Q

Transversospinalis system

A

Most dorsal of the three epaxial systems

81
Q

iliocostalis lumborum

A

O: wing of the ilium
I: transverse processes of lumbar vertebrae
Covered by the thoracolumbar fascia

82
Q

Iliocostalis thoracis

A

O: 12th rib
I: transverse process of the seventh cervical vertebra.

83
Q

longissiumus thoracis et lumborum

A

O: Crest and medial surface of the wing of the ilium
I: Supraspinous ligament and spines of lumbar and thoracic vertebrae

84
Q

longissiumus cervicis

A

Ribs to the transverse processes of the cervical vertebrae

85
Q

longissiumus capitis

A

First three thoracic vertebrae to the mastoid part of the mastoid part of the temporal bone.

86
Q

splenius

A

Third thoracic vertebra to the skull (nuchal crest and mastoid process)

87
Q

semispinalis capitus

A

thoracic vertebrae to the head. Two parts, the biventer cervicus ( dorsal with tendinous intersections) and the complexus (ventral).

88
Q

nuchal ligament

A

From the tip of the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra to broad caudal end of the axis. Between the medial surfaces of the semispinalis captitus muscles.

89
Q

supraspinous ligament

A

continues the nuchal ligament caudally, running over the top of the spinous processes and joining them together. From first thoracic vertebra to 3rd caudal vertebra.

90
Q

Transverse ligament of the atlas

A

Attaches on the dorsal side of the vertebral body on either side of the dens and holds it to the fovea dentis

91
Q

Apical ligament

A

Cranial end of the dens to the basioccipital bone. Thin v shape medial to the alar ligaments

92
Q

Alar ligament

A

Cranial end of the dens to the basioccipital bone in a wide v (lateral to the apical ligaments).

93
Q

Dorsal atlantoaxial ligament

A

Attaches the spine of the atlas to the vertebral arch of the atlas.

94
Q

Intervertebral discs

A

Between vertebral bodies. Outer ring is thick annulus fibrosis and inner ring is gelatinous nucleus pulposus.

95
Q

Ventral longitudinal ligament

A

Runs along the ventral surfaces of the vertebral bodies

Sacrum to the axis

96
Q

Dorsal longitudinal ligament

A

Dorsal part of the vertebral spine running from sacrum to axis

97
Q

Yellow ligaments

A

Lateral to the midline, extending between vertebral arches. Cover the epidural interarcuate space between the articular processes.

98
Q

Interspinous ligaments

A

Connect adjacent spinous processes.

99
Q

Intercapital ligament

A

Connects left and right rib heads. Extends across the dorsal side of the annulus fibrosus ventral to the dorsal longitudinal ligament.
Holds ribs in place and provides containment for intervertebral discs.

Anatomy I (Fall) (8 decks)

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