Dog Hindlimb Flashcards
1
Q
Superficial gluteal fascia
A
Continuation of the superficial trunk fascia on the dorsal surface over the pelvis. Contains an aponeurosis from which the cutaneus trunci arises.
2
Q
Superficial caudal fascia
A
Continuation of the superficial gluteal fascia onto the tail
3
Q
Superficial Lamina of the fascia lata
A
Continuation of the superficial gluteal fascia distally down the limb
4
Q
Thoracolumbar fascia
A
Part of the deep fascia of the trunk, well developed in the lumbar region over the spine.
5
Q
Deep gluteal fascia
A
Continuation of the thoracolumbar fascia from the iliac crest and caudal over the pelvis
6
Q
Deep caudal fascia
A
Continuation of the deep gluteal fascia onto the tail and caudally down.
7
Q
Medial femoral fascia
A
Thin Continuation of the deep gluteal fascia onto the medial side of the thigh
8
Q
Fascia lata
A
Aka the lateral femoral fascia
Thick, covers the lateral surface of the thigh. A continuation of the deep gluteal fascia.
9
Q
Crural fascia
A
Continuation of the fascia lata and medial femoral fascia past the thigh and distally down the leg
10
Q
Biceps femoris
A
O: sacrotuberous ligament
Ishchiatic tuberosity
I: fascia lata and crural fascia (to patella and cranial border of tibia)
Tuber calcanei via common calcanean tendon
A: extend the hip, stifle, and hock
Caudal part of the muscle flexes the stifle
In: sciatic nerve
11
Q
Sacrotuberous ligament
A
Origin of the biceps femoris
Runs from the ishiatic tuberosity to the sacrum
12
Q
Popliteal lymph node
A
Palpable on the live dog
Lying in fat directly caudal to the stifle
13
Q
Common calcanean tendon
A
Heavy part of the fascia inside the crural fascia and connecting to the tuber calcanei
14
Q
Semitendinosus
A
O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: distocranial border of the tibia
Tibial tuberosity
Tuber calcanei through crural fascia
A: extend the hip and hock
Flex the stifle
In: sciatic nerve
15
Q
Semimembranosus
A
O: ischiatic tuberosity
I: distal medial lip of caudal femur
Medial condyle of the tibia
A: extend the hip
Femur belly = extends stifle
Tibia belly = can extend or flex the stifle depending on limb position
In: sciatic nerve
16
Q
Sartorius
A
Cranial part (shorter)
O: crest of the ilium and thoracolumbar fascia
I: patella
Caudal part (longer)
O: cranial ventral iliac spine and ventral border of ilium
I: cranial border of the tibia
A: flex the hip
Cranial part extends the stifle
Caudal part flexes the stifle
In: femoral nerve
17
Q
Gracilis
A
O: symphysial tendon to pelvic symphysis
I: cranial border of the tibia
Tuber calcanei
Ac: adduct the limb
Flex the stifle
Extend the hip and hock
In: obturator nerve
18
Q
Symphysial tendon
A
Thick, flat tendon attached ventrally to the symphysis pelvis
19
Q
Superficial fascia of the trunk
A
Over the thoracic and lumbar vertebrae, just deep to dermis and superficial to the areolar tissue
20
Q
Femoral triangle
A
Shallow superficial triangular space between the sartorius and the pectineus which contains the femoral artery (cranial) and the femoral vein (caudal)
21
Q
Pectineus
A
O: Iliopubic eminence and the pubic tubercle via the prepubic tendon
I: medial lip of femur’s rough surface (distal portion)
A: adduct the limb
In: obturator nerve
22
Q
Adductor
A
Two muscles : adductor longus (cranial) and adductor magnus et brevis
O: pelvic symphysis (via symphysial tendon)
Ischiatic arch
Ventral surface of ilium and pubis between two origins
I: lateral lip or femur’s rough surface
A: adduct limb and extend the hip
In: obturator nerve
23
Q
Tensor fasciae latae
A
Two parts - cranial and caudal
O: tuber coxae and adjacent part of ilium
Aponeurosis of the middle gluteal muscle
I: fascia lata
A: tense the fascia lata
Flex the hip
Extend the stifle
In: cranial gluteal nerve
24
Q
Superficial gluteal
A
O: lateral border of sacrum and first caudal vertebrae by means of the sacrotuberous ligament
Cranial dorsal iliac spine by means of deep gluteal fascia
I: third trochanter
A: extend the hip
Abduct the limb
In: caudal gluteal nerve
25
Middle gluteal
O: iliac crest and gluteal surface
I: greater trochanter
A: extend and abduct the hip and rotate limb medially
In: cranial gluteal nerve
26
Piriformis
The deep caudal portion of the middle gluteal muscle
27
Deep gluteal
```
O: body of the ilium and the ischiatic spine
I: cranial aspect of greater trochanter
A: extend and abduct the limb
Rotate the limb medially
In: cranial gluteal nerve
```
28
ArticularIis coxae
Attachments: ilium (lateral area for the rectus femoris) and neck of the femur.
29
Internal obturator
Internal on the PELVIS (inside the canal)
O: symphysis pelvis
Dorsal surface of the ischium and pubis
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate the limb laterally at the hip
In: sciatic nerve
30
Gemelli
O: lateral surface of the ischium
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate the limb laterally at the hip
In: sciatic nerve
31
Quadratus femoris
O: ventral surface of the caudal pubis
I: intertrochanteric crest
A: extend the hip and rotate the limb laterally at the hip
In: sciatic nerve
32
External obturator
```
External to the pelvis
O: ventral surface of the pubis and ischium
I: trochanteric fossa
A: rotate the limb laterally at the hip
In: obturator nerve
```
33
Patella
Sesmoid bone intercalculated into the tendon insertion of the quadriceps. Articulates with the trochlea of the femur
34
Patellar ligament
Extends from the patella to the tibial tuberosity, the distal end of the tendon of quadriceps insertion.
35
Rectus femoris
Part of the quadriceps femoris (most cranial)
O: lateral area for the rectus femoris (ilium)
I: tibial tuberosity
A: extends the stifle
Flexes the hip
In: femoral nerve
36
Vastus lateralis
```
Part of the quadriceps
O: lateral lip of the rough surface (proximal)
I: tibial tuberosity
A: extend the stifle
In: femoral nerve
```
37
Vastus intermedius
```
Part of the quadriceps femoris
O: with vastus lateralis (proximal lateral lip)
I: tibial tuberosity
A: extend the stifle
In: femoral nerve
```
38
Vastus medialis
```
Part of the quadriceps femoris
O: proximedial of femur and medial lip of the rough surface
I: tibial tuberosity
A: extend the stifle
In: femoral nerve
```
39
Iliopsoas
Just see the end on the hindlimb -huge spinal muscle. Two parts: Psoas major (lumbar spines) and ilicus (entirely on the ilium).
O: psoas major on the lumbar vertebrae
Iliacus on the cranioventral ilium
I: lesser trochanter
A: flex the hip (major flexor)
In: ventral branches of the lumbar spinal nerves and femoral nerve
40
Crural extensor retinaculum
Oblique retinaculum from the distal third of the fibula to the medial malleolus. Holds the tendons of the digital extensors
41
Superficial tarsal, metatarsal, and digital fasciae
Continuations of the superficial crural fascia over the pes
42
Tarsal extensor retinaculum
Fibrous loop that attaches to the tuber calcanei
| Wraps around the tendon of the long digital extensor
43
Cranial tibial
O: extensor groove and articular margin of the tibia
Lateral edge of the cranial tibial border
I: plantar bases of metatarsals I and II
A: flex the tarsocrural joint
Rotate the paw laterally
In: fibular nerve
44
Long digital extensor
O: extensor fossa of the femur
I: extensor processes of II, III, IV and V
A: extend the digits and flex the tarsus
In: fibular nerve
45
Fibularis longus
O: lateral condyle and proximal end of the tibia
Lateral epicondyle of the femur by lateral collateral ligament of the stifle
I: fourth tarsal bone and plantar bases of metatarsals
A: flex the tarsus
Rotate the paw medially
In: fibular nerve
46
Gastrocnemius
Lateral (large) head
O: lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
Medial (small) head
O: medial supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
I: tuber calcanei via the major portion of the common calcanean tendon
A: extend the tarsus and flex the stifle
In: tibial nerve
47
Superficial digital flexor
O: lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur
I: tuber calcanei and bases of middle phalanges II - V
A: flex proximal two digital joints
Flex the stifle
Extend the tarsus
In: tibial nerve
48
Calcaneal bursa
Filled with synovial fluid and on the tuber calcanei, formed mostly by the tendon of the superficial digital flexor
49
Deep digital flexor
Lateral head (lateral digital flexor) and Medial head (medial digital flexor)
O: caudal proximal 2/3 of tibia
Proximal 1/2 of fibula
Interosseous membrane
I: flexor tubercles of the distal phalanges
A: flex the digits and extend the tarsus
In: tibial nerve
50
Flexor retinaculum
Thick fibrous material that surrounds the tendon of deep digital flexor and binds it in the groove over the sustenaculum tali of the calcaneus
51
Popliteus
O: lateral epicondyle of the femur
I: proximal third of the caudal tibia
A: rotate the leg medially (leg - just calve)
In: tibial nerve
52
Ischiorectal fossa
Depression between the tail and the anus
53
Popliteal sesmoid
Medial to the lateral collateral ligament next to the popliteus tendon of origin
54
What are the components of the common calcanean tendon?
1. Gastrocnemius - main component
2. Superficial digital flexor - large component
3. biceps femoris
4. semitendonosis
5. gracilis
55
How are the femoral artery and vein oriented?
Vein is caudal to the artery.
56
Why does the tarsal joint have supinators and pronators?
Act to prevent slipping on uneven ground while walking on the digits. Do not actually supinate or pronate the paw - very limited range of motion there.
57
Which muscles rotate the hindlimb medially?
Deep and superficial gluteals
58
Which muscles rotate the hindlimb laterally?
Obturator muscles.
59
Lateral rotators of the hip
Internal obturator
External obturator
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
60
Medial rotators of the hip
Deep and medial gluteal muscles
61
Sacroiliac joint
Between the ilium and the sacrum - stability not mobility. Fibrocartilagenous joint.
62
Dorsal and ventral sacroiliac ligaments
Bands of strong collagenous tissue that reinforce the fibrocartilage of the sacroiliac joint.
63
Hip joint
Ball and socket, three planes of movement. Medial and lateral rotator muscles are antagonists to help limit movement to the cranial/caudal plane.
64
Ligament of the femoral head
From the fovea capitis femoris on the head of the femur to the acetabular fossa.
65
Transverse acetabular ligament
From one side to the other side of the acetabular notch to hold the ball of the joint in place.
66
Acetabular lip
Continuation of the transverse acetabular ligament which deepens the acetabulum and forms a fibrocartilagenous border around it.
67
Stifle joint
Three joint capsules - two between the femoral/tibial condyles (femorotibial joint sacs) and one beneath the patella (femoropatellar joint sac). Large - contain the meniscus and cover the fabella, tendon of the long digital extensor, and tendon of origin of the popliteus.
68
Meniscus
Aka semilunar fibrocartilage. Develops in the stifle joint and compensate for the incongruence between the tibial and femoral condyles.
69
Medial and lateral femoropatellar ligaments
Thin fascial bands extending between the patella and the gastrconemial sesmoid on each side.
70
Cranial and caudal meniscotibial ligaments.
Connects the menisci to the intercondylar areas of the tibia.
71
Transverse ligament
Connects the cranial ends of the menisci
72
Meniscofemoral ligament
Caudal part of the lateral meniscus attached to the incondylar fossa of the femur. Caudal to the caudal cruciate.
73
Femorotibial ligaments
Collateral and cruciate ligaments combined
74
Medial collateral ligament
Medial epicondyle of the femur to medial side of the tibia.
75
Lateral collateral ligament
Lateral epicondyle of the femur to the head of the fibula and the lateral condyle of the tibia.
76
Cranial cruciate ligament
Runs distocranially. Intercondylar fossa of the femur to the caudomedial part of the lateral condyle. Attaches at the cranial intercondylar area of the tibia. Keeps the tibia from sliding cranially and limits medial rotation of the tibia while bearing weight.
77
caudal cruciate ligament
Intercondylar fossa of the femur to the medial condyle of the femur. Attaches to popliteal notch (medial) behind the caudal attachment of the medial meniscus. Prevents tibia from sliding caudally while bearing weight.
78
Tibiofibular joints
Prox and distal. Between the head of the fibula and the tibia, not movable. Interosseous membrane of the crus between the two prevents a great deal of supination.
79
Tarsal joint
Tib/fib to calcaneus and talus
Composition of several articulations and joint sacs, largest of which is cochlea of the tibia with the talus and calcaneus.
80
Os coxae
One hip bone
81
Ilium
Most cranial, largest section of the pelvis. Two parts: wing and body.
82
Ischium
Most caudal, second largest section of the pelvis. Four parts: Tuberosity, body, table, and ramus.
83
Pubis
Most ventral, smallest section of the pelvis. Three parts: body and two rami.
84
Acetabulum
Socket in which the ilium, ischium, and pubis all meet. Ligament of the femoral head.
85
Pelvic canal
Short ventrally and long dorsally.
86
Pelvic inlet
Start of the pelvic canal. Ventral side between the arcuate lines
87
Pelvic outlet
Start of the pelvic canal. Nearest to ischiatic arch.
88
Ischiatic arch
Concave caudal border of the two ischii along the pelvis symphysis.
89
Iliac crest
Arciform cranial border of the ilium.
90
Cranial ventral iliac spine
Also known as the tuber coax
Origin for both bellies of the sartorius
Origin for part of the tensor fasciae latae
91
Lateral area for the rectus femoris
End of the arcuate line of the ilium, small round projection just cranial to the acetabulum. Origin of rectus femoris.
92
Arcuate line
Caudal half of the ventral iliac spine.
93
Cranial dorsal iliac spine.
Half of tuber sacrale.
94
Caudal dorsal iliac spine
Half of tuber sacral.
95
Tuber sacrale
Cranial and caudal dorsal iliac spines combined.
96
Greater ischiatic notch
Just caudal to the tuber sacrale.
97
Body of the ilium
Bounded by the arcuate line and the greater ischiatic notch.
98
Gluteal surface
Indentation on lateral side of the wing of the ilium. Attachment for middle gluteal and part of the deep gluteal.
99
Sacropelvic surface
medial side of the wing of the ilium. Attachment: Iliocostalis, longissimus, and quadratus lumborum.
100
Auricular surface of the ilium
Articulates with the same surface of the sacrum to form the fibrocartilagenous sacroiliac joint.
101
Arcuate line
Ilium. Ventral to the tuber coxae (cranial ventral iliac spine). Attachment for the tendon of the psoas minor.
102
Ischiatic tuberosity
Thick caudolateral margin of the ischium on either side of the ischiatic arch. Attachment for the sacrotuberous ligament, biceps femoris, semitendinosis, semimembranosis. Also the attachment for the crus of the penis and surrounding muscle.
103
Body of the ischium
Lateral to the obturator foramen
104
Ischiatic spine
Rounded crest dorsal to the acetabulum where the ischium meets ilium. Attachment for the coccygeus.
105
Lesser ischiatic notch
Caudal to the ischiatic spine.
| Where tendon of the internal obturator arises s well as the two gemelli.
106
Ramus of the ischium
Thin and wide, medial to the obturator foramen and blending into the ilium, contains the symphysis pubis.
Ventral = part of the attachment for the gracilis, adductor, and external obturator with the caudal ramus of the pubis.
107
Ischiatic table
Flat portion of the ischium where the ramus meets the body. Origin of the internal obturator dorsally and origin of the external obturator and quadratus femoris ventrally.
108
Ischiatic arch
Formed by the symphysis pelvis and the two medial portions of the ischii.
109
Body of the pubis
cranial to the obturator foramen with part of the pubis symphysis.
110
Cranial ramus of the pubis
Body of the pubis to the acetabulum
111
Caudal ramus of the pubis
Fuses with the ischial ramus at the middle of the pelvic symphysis.
Ventral = part of the attachment for the gracilis, adductor, and external obturator with the ramus of the ischium.
Dorsal = internal obturator and levator ani
112
Obturator sulcus
Groove in the foramen for the obturator nerve.
113
Iliopubic eminence
Projects from the cranial ramus of the pubis. Attachment for the pectineus.
114
Pubic tubercle
On the midline of the pelvis, just medial to the iliopubic eminence. Attaches to the pectineus via the prepubic tendon.
115
Pecten
Roughened cranial border of the of the pubis between the iliopubic eminence and the pubic tubercle. Attachement of the prepubic tendon.
116
Acetabular notch
Break in the uniform surface of the acetabulum, closed in life by the transverse acetabular ligament. Non-articular part of the acetabulum.
117
Acetabular fossa
Attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur, bounded by the acetabular notch. Non-articular part of the acetabulum.
118
Obturator foramen
Formed by the ischium and the pubis. Closed in life by the obturator membrane that separates the (ventral) external and (dorsal) internal obturator muscles.
119
Head of the femur
Nearly hemispherical, three planes of motion with the acetabulum.
120
Fovea capitus femoris
Irregularity on the caudomedial side of the femoral head. Attachment for the ligament of the femoral head.
121
Neck of the femur
Attachment of the head to the rest of the femur. Attachment of the joint capsule.
122
Greater trochanter
Lateral to the head of the femur. Attachment for the middle and the deep gluteal muscles.
123
Lesser trochanter
Medial side of the femur. Insertion of the iliopsoas.
124
Trochanteric fossa
Deep cavity between the head of the femur and the greater trochanter. Insertion for the gemelli, and external and internal obturator muscles.
125
Third trochanter
Directly under the greater trochanter. Insertion for the superficial gluteal muscle. Vastus parts of the quadriceps will attach to the smooth part of the femur just below this trochanter.
126
Intertrochanteric crest
Between the greater and lesser trochanters. Insertion of the quadratus femoris.
127
Medial lip of the rough surface of the femur
Proximal: Semimembranosis
Distal: Pectineus
128
Lateral lip of the rough surface of the femur
Attachment of the adductor gratis et brevis.
129
Trochlea of the femur
For articulation of the patella. Medial trochlear ridge is thicker than that of the lateral trochlear ridge.
130
Patella
Sesmoid in the tendon of insertion of the quadriceps femoris. Protection, but also redirects the tendon to prevent shearing forces.
131
Medial and lateral condyle of the femur
Articulations with the condyles of the tibia.
132
Intercondylar fossa of the femur
Attachment of the cruciate ligaments, which are named for the areas on which they attach to the tibia.
133
Fabella
Sesmoid bones on the caudal side of the femur that are in the tendons of origin of the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius muscle.
134
Medial and lateral supracondylar tuberosities of the femur
Proximal to the fabella, origin of the gastrocnemius. Lateral tuberosity is the origin of the superficial digital flexor
135
Popliteal surface
Femur, between the supracondylar tuberosities.
136
Medial and lateral epicondyles of the femur
Just rough areas on the femur. Attachment for the lateral and medial collateral ligaments of the stifle. Lateral epicondyle is the origin of the popliteus. Medial epicondyle is insertion of the semimembranosis.
137
Extensor fossa
Femur on the lateral epicondyle. Origin of the tendon of the long digitial extensor.
138
Medial and lateral condyles of the tibia
Flat condyles attached to the meniscus of the stifle joint. Lateral condyle = origin for the fibulas longs and cranial tibial. Medial condyle = insertion of the semimembranosis.
139
Intercondylar eminence
Separates the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia.
140
Cranial intercondylar area
Cranial part of the intercondylar eminence. Attachments for cranial parts of the menisci and the cranial cruciate ligament.
141
caudal intercondylar area
Caudal part of the intercondylar eminence. Attachment for the caudal part of the menisci.
142
Popliteal notch
Tibia. Popliteal vessles pass through this notch.
143
Tibial tuberosity
Attachments for the quadriceps femoris, biceps femoris, and the sartorius all attach here via the patella and the patellar ligament.
144
Cranial border of the tibia
Attachments to the biceps femoris, semitendinosis, gracilis, and sartorius.
145
Extensor groove
Tibia. Between the junction of the lateral condyle and the tibial tuberosity and holds the tendon of the long digital extensor.
146
Body of the tibia
Medial surface: semitendinosis and gracilis
caudal surface: insertion of popliteus, origin of deep digital flexor.
Lateral surface: NO MUSCLES
Distal half: NO MUSCLES
147
Tibial cochlea
Surface that articulates with the trochlea of the talus.
148
Medial malleolus
On the tibia
149
Lateral malleolus
On the fibula. Two grooves that contain the tendons of the fibularis longus, fibulas brevis, and the lateral digital extensor.
150
Body of the fibula
Origin of the deep digital flexor
151
Calcaneus
Has the tuber calcanei and sustentaculum tali which articulates with the talus
152
Talus
Has the trochlea for articulation.
153
Tuber calcanei
Connection to the common calcanean tendon which leads to the extensor muscles of the hock.
154
Central tarsal bones
Between the talus and the distal tarsal bones
155
Metatarsals and phlanges of the crus
II to IV on most dogs. Some have a residual digit I.
156
Pes
Hindpaw
157
Hallux
First digit of the pes, absent most of the time or vestigal.
158
Caudal thigh muscles (3)
Biceps femoris
Semitendinosis
Semimembranosis
Generalized actions: Flex the stifle and extend the hip and hock.
159
Medial thigh muscles (3)
```
Sartorius
Gracilis
Adductor
Pectineus
Generalized actions: Adduct the limb, flex (sartorius) or extend (adductor) the hip
```
160
Lateral pelvis muscles (4)
```
Tensor fasciae latae
Superficial gluteal
Middle gluteal
Deep gluteal
Generalized actions: Abduct and medially rotate the limb, extend the hip.
```
161
Caudal hip muscles (4)
```
Internal obturator
Gemelli
Quadratus femoris
External obturator
Generalized actions: laterally rotate the limb
```
162
Cranial thigh muscles (3)
Quadriceps femoris
Iliopsoas
Sartorius
Generalized actions: Extend the stifle, flex the hip.
163
Craniolateral leg muscles (3)
Cranial tibial
Long digital extensor
Fibularis longus
Generalized actions: Flex the tarsus and extend the digits.
164
Caudal leg muscles (4)
```
Gastrocnemius
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexors
Popliteus
Generalized actions: Extend the tarsus and flex the digits.
```
