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Anatomy I (Fall) > Dog Forelimb > Flashcards

Dog Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle insertion

A

Part of the muscle that moves the most during contraction. Can change (often based on position of the limb). Often distal.

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2
Q

Tendon

A

Dense, regularly arranged connective tissue in a small well-defined bundle.

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3
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Dense regularly arranged connective tissue in a sheet.

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4
Q

Ligament

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue between bone/bone, organ/organ, or organ/body wall.

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5
Q

Cutaneus trunci

A

Thin superficial sheet of muscle more closely associated with fascia than any bone or other structure.
Attachments: superficial fascia
Action: twitch reflex

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6
Q

Preputial muscle

A

Thickening of the cutaneus trunci near the prepuce
Attachments: superficial fascia
Action: supports cranial prepuce (non-erect)
Pulls prepuce over glans (post erection)

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7
Q

Platysma

A

Continuation of the cutaneus trunci over face
Insertion: skull
Action: facial twitch, “smiling”

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8
Q

Decending pectoral

A

One of two superficial pectoral muscles
Origin: 1st sternabrae
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: adduct limb (free limb)
Prevent abduction (fixed limb)
Innervation: crainial pectoral nerves (c7,c8 spinal nerve, ventral branch)

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9
Q

Transverse pectoral

A

One of two parts of superficial pectorals
Origin: 1st 2 or 3 sternebrae
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: adduct the limb (free limb)
Prevent abduction (fixed limb)
Innervation: crainial pectoral nerves (c7,c8 spinal nerve,ventral branch)

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10
Q

Deep pectoral

A

Origin: fibrous raphe of sternum
Deep abdominal fascia near xyphoid
Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus (tendon and muscle)
Greater tubercle (aponeurosis)
Medial brachial fascia
Action: pull trunk cranially (limb fixed)
Draw limb caudally, adduct, flex shoulder joint (limb free)
Innervation: caudal pectoral nerves (c8,t1)

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11
Q

Brachiocephalicus

A

Compound muscle of three parts: all attachments movable
cleidobrachialis-
O: clavicular intersection
I: distal third of humerus
Cleidocephalicus pars cervicalis -
O: clavicular intersection
I: dorsal midline of the neck on fibrous raphe
Cleidocephalicus pars mastoidea-
O: clavicular intersection
I: mastoid process of skull
Action: advance the limb
Extend the shoulder joint
Draw head and neck to the side or down (Uni vs bi)
Innervation:

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12
Q

Sternocephalicus

A

O: 1st sternebrae (aka manubrium)
I: Mastoid part - mastoid process of temporal bone
Occipital part - nuchal crest of occipital bone
Action: draw head and neck to the side or down (Uni vs bi)
Innervation: accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.

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13
Q

Sternohyoideus

A

O: manubrium and first costal cartilage
I: basihyoid bone
Action: pull tongue and larynx caudally
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

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14
Q

Sternothyroideus

A

O: first costal cartilage
I: thyroid cartilage
Action: pull tongue and larynx caudally
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

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15
Q

Omotransversarius

A 
Attachments (o and I variable)
     Scapular spine (distal end)
     Transverse wing of the atlas 
Action: advance the limb (free limb)
             Flex neck laterally (fixed limb)
Innervation: accessory nerve
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16
Q

Rhomboideus

A 
Rhomboideus capitis
    O: nuchal crest of occipital bone
     I: dorsal border of scapula 
Rhomboideus cervicis
    O: median raphe of the neck
     I: dorsal border of scapula 
Rhomboideus thoracis
    O: spinous processes of 1st 7 vertebrae
     I: dorsal border of scapula 
Action: elevate the forelimb
            Draw scapula against the trunk 
Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves
             Ventral branches of cervical nerves
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17
Q

Trapezius

A 
Cervical part of the trapezius
    O: median raphe of the neck
     I: scapular spine 
Thoracic part of the trapezius 
    O: supraspinous ligament from c3 to t9
     I: scapular spine 
Action: elevate and abduct the forelimb
Innervation: accessory nerve
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18
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia from spinous processes of lumbar and last 7-8 vertebrae, muscular attachment to last 2-3 ribs
I: teres major tuberosity
Teres major tendon
Action: draw limb caudally (free limb)
Flex shoulder joint (fixed limb)
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (c7,c8,t1)

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19
Q

Serratus ventralis

A

Serratus ventralis cervicis:
O: transverse processes of last five cervical vertebrae
Serratus ventralis thoracis:
O: first seven to eight thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: serrated face of the scapula
Action: support the trunk
Depress the scapula
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve (c7)

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20
Q

Deltoideus

A

O: acromion and scapular spine
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
In: axillary nerve

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21
Q

Infraspinatus

A

O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus (lateral side)
A: can extend or flex shoulder dependent on joint position
Abduct and rotate shoulder laterally
In: suprascapular nerve

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22
Q

Umbilicus

A

Scar on midventral line

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23
Q

Vortex

A

Spiral of hair around the umbilicus

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24
Q

Integument

A

Skin. Thickest on the neck, thinnest on the ventral surface of the abdomen.

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25
Mammae
8-12 on dogs but typically 10, 4 thoracic, 4 abdominal, 2 inguinal. Most cranial set always smaller. In lactating animals, abdominal and inguinal glandular tissue appears to be one mass. Each has a papilla or nipple with a various number of ducts dependent on species. Only fully developed in the lactating animal.
26
Epidermis
Thin outer epithelium of the integument
27
Dermis
Thicker deep layer of the integument, layer of connective tissue
28
Costal arch
Costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs. 13th = floating rib because it does not connect to this structure.
29
Superficial fascia
Directly deep to areolar tissue. Denser and more regular connective tissue, covers the entire body.
30
Deep fascia
Dense and regularly arranged connective tissue firmly attached to the muscles it encloses.
31
Areolar tissue
Thin layer of loose, irregularly arranged tissue often containing fat just deep to the integument
32
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Lns crainial to the scapula and covered by the omotransversarius. Should be palpable in the live dog.
33
Deep fascia of the neck
Deep fibrous wrapping under the sternocephalicis | Covers the Sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, trachea, thyroid gland, larynx, and esophagus.
34
Carotid sheath
Covers common carotid artery, vagosympathetic nerve trunk, internal jugular vein, and tracheal lymphatic trunk.
35
Supraspinous ligament
Connects all dorsal aspects of the vertebral spines except the cervical vertebrae.
36
Nuchal ligament
Yellow elastic fibrous tissue Connects the spine of the first thoracic vertebrae to the spine of the axis. Particularly pronounced in large grazing animals.
37
Median raphe
Longitudinal fibrous septem between epaxial muscles Dorsal to the nuchal ligament Serves as an attachment for many cervical muscles
38
Thoracolumbar fascia
Deep fascia of the trunk Arises from the supraspinous ligament and spines of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae Fuses with fascia on ventral midline
39
Linea alba
Ventral midline fascial line
40
Deltoideus
O: scapular spine and acromion I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus A: flex the shoulder joint In: axillary nerve
41
Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous fossa I: greater tubercle of the humerus A: flex the shoulder joint Abduct and rotate the shoulder laterally Prevent medial rotation (fixed limb) In: suprascapular nerve
42
Subtendinous synovial bursa
Underneath the Infraspinatus next to greater tubercle.
43
Bursa
Closed connective tissue sac containing synovial fluid to reduce friction.
44
Teres minor
O: infraglenoid tubercle and caudal border of the scapula I: teres minor tuberosity A: flex the shoulder Prevent medial rotation (fixed limb) In: suprascapular nerve
45
Supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa I: lesser tubercle of the humerus A: extend and laterally stabilize the shoulder In: suprascapular nerve
46
Subscapularis
O: subscapular fossa I: lesser tubercle of the humerus A: adduct, extend, medially stabilize shoulder Prevent lateral rotation (fixed limb) In: subscapular nerve
47
Teres major
``` O: caudal angle and border of scapula Caudal surface of subscapularis I: teres major tuberosity A: flex and medially rotate shoulder Prevent lateral rotation (fixed limb) In: axillary nerve ```
48
Coracobrachialis
O: coracoid process of the scapula I: lesser tubercle of the humerus A: adduct and extend the shoulder joint In: musculocutaneous nerve
49
Tensor fasciae antebrachii
O: fascia on the lateral side of the latissimus Dorsi I: olecranon A: extend the elbow In: radial nerve
50
Triceps brachii - long head
O: caudal border of scapula I: olecranon tuber A: extend the elbow In: radial nerve
51
Triceps brachii lateral head
O: tricipital line of the humerus I: olecranon tuber A: extend the elbow In: radial nerve
52
Triceps brachii accessory head
O: neck of the humerus I: olecranon tuber A: extend the elbow In: radial nerve
53
Triceps brachii medial head
O: lesser tubercle I: olecranon A: extend the elbow In: radial nerve
54
Anconeus
O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus I: olecranon A: extend the elbow In: radial nerve
55
Biceps brachii
O: supraglenoid tubercle I: ulnar and radial tuberosities A: flex the elbow, extend the shoulder In: musculocutaneous nerve
56
Transverse humeral rentinaculum
Band of fibrous tissue joining the greater and lesser tubercles, holding the tendon of the biceps brachii in place in the tubercular groove
57
Intertubercular bursa
The synovial sheath over the tendon of the biceps brachii, an extension of the shoulder joint capsule
58
Brachialis
O: lateral humerus - proximal third I: ulnar and radial tuberosities A: flex the elbow In: musculocutaneous nerve
59
Foot pads
Carpal (small, round) metacarpal (wide and triangular) and digital pad (five, small triangular)
60
Deep antebrachial fascia
Single dense sleeve for the muscles of the forearm on the caudal surface
61
Extensor carpi radialis
O: lateral supracondylar crest I: small tuberosities on dorsal surface of base of metacarpals II and III A: extend the carpus In: radial nerve
62
Extensor retinaculum
Transversely oriented carpal fascia that holds in all the tendons that cross the dorsum of the carpus
63
Common digital extensor
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: extensor processes of digits II, III, IV, and V A: extend four principal digits and the carpus In: radial nerve
64
Dorsal ligament
Lies on each side of the common digital extensor tendon, causing normal overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint
65
Lateral digital extensor
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: proximal ends and distal extensor processes of digits III, IV, and V A: extend the carpus and the digits listed above In: radial nerve
66
Ulnaris lateralis
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: lateral epicondyle of proximal end of metacarpal V and accessory carpal bone. A: abduct the manus, flex the carpal joint In: radial nerve
67
Supinator
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus I: cranial surface of the humerus (proximal fourth) A: supinate the forearm and flex the elbow In: radial nerve
68
Abductor digiti I longus
O: lat/cran ulna and interosseous membrane I: proximal end of metacarpal 1 (sesmoid near the intermedioradial) A: abduct the first digit or pollex and extend the carpal joint In: radial nerve
69
Pronater teres
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus I: medial border of the radius - middle A: pronate (rotate medially) the arm and flex the elbow In: median nerve
70
Flexor carpi radialis
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus and humerus medial border I: palmar base of metacarpals II and III A: to flex the carpus In: median nerve
71
Flexor retinaculum
Layer of fibrous tissue on the palmar side of the carpus
72
Superficial digital flexor
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus I: palmar bases of middle phalanges II, III, IV, and V A: flex the carpus and digits listed above In: median nerve
73
Flexor manica
Collar that the four tendons of the superficial digital flexor forms around the deep flexor tendon at the metacarpopharyngeal joint
74
Palmar annular ligament
Crosses the flexor manica, holding all the tendons of the palmar side of the hand down at the metacarpopharyngeal joint
75
Digital synovial sheath
The sheath surrounding the deep flexor tendon and the superficial flexor tendon
76
Flexor carpi ulnaris
``` Two heads: Ulnar head O: olecranon Humeral head O: medial epicondyle of the humerus I: accessory carpal bone Ac: flex the carpus In: ulnar nerve ```
77
Carpal canal
Space between the accessory carpal bone and the carpal bones
78
Deep digital flexor
Three heads Humeral head O: medial epicondyle Ulnar head O: caudal border of the ulna Radial head O: medial border of the radius I: flexor tubercles of distal phalanges I through V A: flex carpal and digital joints In: median and ulnar nerves
79
Pronator quadratus
Attachments - apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna A: to pronate the paw In: median nerve
80
Interossei
Cover the four palmar surface of the the metacarpals
81
Humeral joint flexor surface
Shoulder. Flexor surface is on the caudal side. Inside joint are lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments
82
Lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments
Poorly developed thickenings of the inner shoulder joint on the shoulder capsule
83
Transverse humeral retinaculum
Collagenous thickening across the tendon origin of the biceps
84
Elbow joint flexor surface
Is on the cranial side of the limb
85
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments
Pronounced thickenings in the fibrous layer of the capsule of the elbow joint. Prevent adduction or abduction of the elbow
86
Interosseous ligament
Unites the radius and the ulna
87
Antebrachiocarpal joint flexor surface
Flexor surface is caudal. Articulation of the ulna and ulnar carpal and the radius and the intermedioradial carpal. Very fibrous. The palmar carpal ligament lies on the palmar side.
88
Middle carpal joint
Between the two rows of carpal bones. Flexor surface is caudal.
89
Carpometacarpal joint
Between the distal carpals and the metacarpals
90
Palmar carpal ligament
Dense fibrous tissue covering the palmar aspect of the carpus and the antebrachiocarpal joint.
91
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges
92
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Between proximal and middle phalanges
93
Distal interphalangeal joint
Between middle and distal phalanges
94
Extrinsic muscles of the forelimb (8)
``` Superficial pectorals Deep pectoral Brachiocephalicus Omotransversarius Trapezius Rhomboideus Latissimus Dorsi Serratus ventralis ```
95
Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - scapula to humerus (7)
``` Scapula to humerus Deltoideus Infraspinatus Teres minor Supraspinatus Subscapularis Teres major Coracobrachialis ```
96
Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - humerus to radius/ulna (7)
``` Humerus to radius/ulna Tensor fasciae antebrachii Triceps brachii (excepting the long head which reaches the scapula) Anconeus Biceps brachii Brachialis Supinator Pronator teres ```
97
Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - radius/ulna to carpus/digits (9)
``` Radius/ulna to carpus/digits Extensor carpi radialis (technically from distal humerus) Common digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Ulnaris lateralis Abductor digiti I longus Flexor carpi radialis Superficial digital flexor Flexor carpi ulnaris Deep digital flexor ```
98
Muscle origin
The part of the muscle that moves the least during contraction. Can change in some muscles (often based on limb position). Often proximal.
99
Glenoid cavity is also known as?
The ventral border
100
Acromion
Origin of the deltoideus (1 of 2 origins)
101
Scapular spine
Proximoventrally to distodorsally: Omotransversarius Trapezius (insertion) Deltoideus (2nd origin)
102
Supraspinous fossa
Supraspinatus origin
103
Infraspinous fossa
Infraspinatus origin
104
Serrated face
Serratus ventralis insertion
105
Subscapular fossa
Subscapularis origin
106
Cranial border of the scapula
Contains the scapular notch on the neck of the scapula, and widens to the cranial angle proximally. No direct muscle attachments.
107
Dorsal border of the scalpula
Capped by thick cartilage in life | Rhomboideus insertion
108
Intrinsic muscles of the forearm - specialized sectional (2)
``` Pronator quadratus (along interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna) Interossei (digit muscles) ```
109
What is strange about the attachments of the ulnaris lateralis?
The muscle is a flexor of the carpus and yet originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus where most of the extensors originate
110
Caudal border
Bears the infraglenoid tubercle and caudal angle | Subscapularis origin wraps around here on lateral side
111
Caudal angle of the scapula
Teres major origin
112
Infraglenoid tubercle
``` Teres major origin Triceps brachii (long head) origin ```
113
Supraglenoid tubercle
Houses the coracoid process | Biceps brachii origin
114
Coracoid process
Coracobrachialis origin
115
Intertubecular groove
Humerus | Houses the tendon of the biceps brachii
116
Greater tubercle
Humerus Supraspinatus insertion Infraspinatus insertion Deep pectoral insertion (part of)
117
Lesser tubercle
Humerus | Subscapularis insertion
118
Cranial surface of the humerus (distal 2/3)
``` Brachiocephalicus insertion (part of) Pectoral insertion (part of) ```
119
Crest of the greater tubercle
``` Can be considered a proximal continuation of the cranial surface of the humerus Pectorals insertion (part of) Cleidobrachialis insertion (part of) ```
120
Lateral surface of the humerus
Houses (proximodistally) the greater tubercle, tricipital line, deltoid tuberosity, and the brachialis groove.
121
Deltoid tuberosity
Insertion of the deltoideus. Lateral side.
122
Tricipital line
Triceps brachii origin (lateral head)
123
Tuberosity of the teres minor
Lateral side between greater tubercle and tricipital line | Teres minor inserts
124
Brachialis groove
Brachialis origin
125
Lateral supracondylar crest
``` Extensor carpi radialis origin Anaconeus origin (part of ) ```
126
Tuberosity of the teres major
Latissimus Dorsi insertion | Teres major insertion
127
Medial surface of the humerus
Houses lesser tubercle, teres major tuberosity, smooth on distal half until the medial epicondyle Smooth part: Medial head of the triceps brachii origin Coracobrachialis insertion
128
Humeral condyle
Includes the trochlea (medial) and capitulum (lateral), lateral and medial epicondyles, and both radial and olecranon fossae on the cranial and caudal surface
129
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Most origins for the extensors of carpus and digits Common digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Ulnaris lateralis Supinator Origin for lateral collateral ligament of the elbow also.
130
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
``` Most origins of the flexors of the carpus and digits Anconeus origin (part of) Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris (both heads) Pronator teres Superficial digital flexor Deep digital flexor Origin for medial collateral ligament of the elbow. ```
131
Supratrochlear foramen - dogs vs cats
In dog - sits in radial and olecranon fossae with no soft tissue passing through it In cat - called the supracondylar foramen and contains the median nerve and brachial artery
132
Radial tuberosity
Medial border of the radius Biceps brachii insertion Brachialis insertion
133
Articular circumferences of the radius with the ulna?
Radius: proximal articular circumference Distal ulnar notch Ulna: proximal radial notch (proximal ulna is bigger in general) Distal articular circumference
134
Caudal surface of the radius
Roughened surface - houses the interosseous membrane which connects to the cranial surface of the ulna
135
Styloid process of the radial trochlea
Origin of the medial collateral ligament of the carpus Houses tendon of abductor digiti I longus Houses tendon of the common digital extensor
136
Olecranon
Olecranon tuber and anaconeal process Lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow - caudal side Insertion of triceps brachii (tuber) Insertion of tensor fasciae antebrachii (tuber) Insertion of anconeus (tuber in dogs) Origin of flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor medially
137
Ulnar tuberosity
Medial side of the ulna. Insertion of the biceps brachii (part of) Insertion of the brachialis (part of)
138
Interosseous membrane
Thick ligament between the radius and the ulna. | Attachment for the pronator quadratus (also will attach directly to the bone)
139
Styloid process of the ulna
Important for articulation but no major muscular attachments
140
Coronoid processes
Ulnar, form the borders of the trochlear notch.
141
Accessory carpal
Lateral side of the carpus | Lever arm for flexor muscle of the carpus
142
Base, head, and body of the metacarpals and phalanges
Base is most proximal and contains sagittal groove | Head is most distal and contains sagittal ridge
143
Metacarpals
Numbered from one on the lateral side | Interossei are palmar between bones
144
Extensor processes of the distal phalanges
Dorsal, near ungual crest
145
Flexor tubercles of the distal phalanges
Palmar close to the ungual crest

Anatomy I (Fall) (8 decks)

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