Dog Forelimb Flashcards
Muscle insertion
Part of the muscle that moves the most during contraction. Can change (often based on position of the limb). Often distal.
Tendon
Dense, regularly arranged connective tissue in a small well-defined bundle.
Aponeurosis
Dense regularly arranged connective tissue in a sheet.
Ligament
Dense fibrous connective tissue between bone/bone, organ/organ, or organ/body wall.
Cutaneus trunci
Thin superficial sheet of muscle more closely associated with fascia than any bone or other structure.
Attachments: superficial fascia
Action: twitch reflex
Preputial muscle
Thickening of the cutaneus trunci near the prepuce
Attachments: superficial fascia
Action: supports cranial prepuce (non-erect)
Pulls prepuce over glans (post erection)
Platysma
Continuation of the cutaneus trunci over face
Insertion: skull
Action: facial twitch, “smiling”
Decending pectoral
One of two superficial pectoral muscles
Origin: 1st sternabrae
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: adduct limb (free limb)
Prevent abduction (fixed limb)
Innervation: crainial pectoral nerves (c7,c8 spinal nerve, ventral branch)
Transverse pectoral
One of two parts of superficial pectorals
Origin: 1st 2 or 3 sternebrae
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: adduct the limb (free limb)
Prevent abduction (fixed limb)
Innervation: crainial pectoral nerves (c7,c8 spinal nerve,ventral branch)
Deep pectoral
Origin: fibrous raphe of sternum
Deep abdominal fascia near xyphoid
Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus (tendon and muscle)
Greater tubercle (aponeurosis)
Medial brachial fascia
Action: pull trunk cranially (limb fixed)
Draw limb caudally, adduct, flex shoulder joint (limb free)
Innervation: caudal pectoral nerves (c8,t1)
Brachiocephalicus
Compound muscle of three parts: all attachments movable
cleidobrachialis-
O: clavicular intersection
I: distal third of humerus
Cleidocephalicus pars cervicalis -
O: clavicular intersection
I: dorsal midline of the neck on fibrous raphe
Cleidocephalicus pars mastoidea-
O: clavicular intersection
I: mastoid process of skull
Action: advance the limb
Extend the shoulder joint
Draw head and neck to the side or down (Uni vs bi)
Innervation:
Sternocephalicus
O: 1st sternebrae (aka manubrium)
I: Mastoid part - mastoid process of temporal bone
Occipital part - nuchal crest of occipital bone
Action: draw head and neck to the side or down (Uni vs bi)
Innervation: accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.
Sternohyoideus
O: manubrium and first costal cartilage
I: basihyoid bone
Action: pull tongue and larynx caudally
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves
Sternothyroideus
O: first costal cartilage
I: thyroid cartilage
Action: pull tongue and larynx caudally
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves
Omotransversarius
Attachments (o and I variable) Scapular spine (distal end) Transverse wing of the atlas Action: advance the limb (free limb) Flex neck laterally (fixed limb) Innervation: accessory nerve
Rhomboideus
Rhomboideus capitis O: nuchal crest of occipital bone I: dorsal border of scapula Rhomboideus cervicis O: median raphe of the neck I: dorsal border of scapula Rhomboideus thoracis O: spinous processes of 1st 7 vertebrae I: dorsal border of scapula Action: elevate the forelimb Draw scapula against the trunk Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves Ventral branches of cervical nerves
Trapezius
Cervical part of the trapezius O: median raphe of the neck I: scapular spine Thoracic part of the trapezius O: supraspinous ligament from c3 to t9 I: scapular spine Action: elevate and abduct the forelimb Innervation: accessory nerve
Latissimus Dorsi
O: thoracolumbar fascia from spinous processes of lumbar and last 7-8 vertebrae, muscular attachment to last 2-3 ribs
I: teres major tuberosity
Teres major tendon
Action: draw limb caudally (free limb)
Flex shoulder joint (fixed limb)
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (c7,c8,t1)
Serratus ventralis
Serratus ventralis cervicis:
O: transverse processes of last five cervical vertebrae
Serratus ventralis thoracis:
O: first seven to eight thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: serrated face of the scapula
Action: support the trunk
Depress the scapula
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve (c7)
Deltoideus
O: acromion and scapular spine
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
In: axillary nerve
Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus (lateral side)
A: can extend or flex shoulder dependent on joint position
Abduct and rotate shoulder laterally
In: suprascapular nerve
Umbilicus
Scar on midventral line
Vortex
Spiral of hair around the umbilicus
Integument
Skin. Thickest on the neck, thinnest on the ventral surface of the abdomen.
Mammae
8-12 on dogs but typically 10, 4 thoracic, 4 abdominal, 2 inguinal. Most cranial set always smaller. In lactating animals, abdominal and inguinal glandular tissue appears to be one mass. Each has a papilla or nipple with a various number of ducts dependent on species. Only fully developed in the lactating animal.
Epidermis
Thin outer epithelium of the integument
Dermis
Thicker deep layer of the integument, layer of connective tissue
Costal arch
Costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs. 13th = floating rib because it does not connect to this structure.
Superficial fascia
Directly deep to areolar tissue. Denser and more regular connective tissue, covers the entire body.
Deep fascia
Dense and regularly arranged connective tissue firmly attached to the muscles it encloses.
Areolar tissue
Thin layer of loose, irregularly arranged tissue often containing fat just deep to the integument
Superficial cervical lymph nodes
Lns crainial to the scapula and covered by the omotransversarius. Should be palpable in the live dog.
Deep fascia of the neck
Deep fibrous wrapping under the sternocephalicis
Covers the Sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, trachea, thyroid gland, larynx, and esophagus.
Carotid sheath
Covers common carotid artery, vagosympathetic nerve trunk, internal jugular vein, and tracheal lymphatic trunk.
Supraspinous ligament
Connects all dorsal aspects of the vertebral spines except the cervical vertebrae.
Nuchal ligament
Yellow elastic fibrous tissue
Connects the spine of the first thoracic vertebrae to the spine of the axis. Particularly pronounced in large grazing animals.
Median raphe
Longitudinal fibrous septem between epaxial muscles
Dorsal to the nuchal ligament
Serves as an attachment for many cervical muscles
Thoracolumbar fascia
Deep fascia of the trunk
Arises from the supraspinous ligament and spines of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
Fuses with fascia on ventral midline
Linea alba
Ventral midline fascial line
Deltoideus
O: scapular spine and acromion
I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
In: axillary nerve
Infraspinatus
O: Infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle of the humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
Abduct and rotate the shoulder laterally
Prevent medial rotation (fixed limb)
In: suprascapular nerve
Subtendinous synovial bursa
Underneath the Infraspinatus next to greater tubercle.
Bursa
Closed connective tissue sac containing synovial fluid to reduce friction.
Teres minor
O: infraglenoid tubercle and caudal border of the scapula
I: teres minor tuberosity
A: flex the shoulder
Prevent medial rotation (fixed limb)
In: suprascapular nerve
Supraspinatus
O: supraspinous fossa
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: extend and laterally stabilize the shoulder
In: suprascapular nerve
Subscapularis
O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: adduct, extend, medially stabilize shoulder
Prevent lateral rotation (fixed limb)
In: subscapular nerve
Teres major
O: caudal angle and border of scapula Caudal surface of subscapularis I: teres major tuberosity A: flex and medially rotate shoulder Prevent lateral rotation (fixed limb) In: axillary nerve
Coracobrachialis
O: coracoid process of the scapula
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: adduct and extend the shoulder joint
In: musculocutaneous nerve
Tensor fasciae antebrachii
O: fascia on the lateral side of the latissimus Dorsi
I: olecranon
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve
Triceps brachii - long head
O: caudal border of scapula
I: olecranon tuber
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve
Triceps brachii lateral head
O: tricipital line of the humerus
I: olecranon tuber
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve
Triceps brachii accessory head
O: neck of the humerus
I: olecranon tuber
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve
Triceps brachii medial head
O: lesser tubercle
I: olecranon
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve
Anconeus
O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
I: olecranon
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve
Biceps brachii
O: supraglenoid tubercle
I: ulnar and radial tuberosities
A: flex the elbow, extend the shoulder
In: musculocutaneous nerve
Transverse humeral rentinaculum
Band of fibrous tissue joining the greater and lesser tubercles, holding the tendon of the biceps brachii in place in the tubercular groove
Intertubercular bursa
The synovial sheath over the tendon of the biceps brachii, an extension of the shoulder joint capsule
Brachialis
O: lateral humerus - proximal third
I: ulnar and radial tuberosities
A: flex the elbow
In: musculocutaneous nerve
Foot pads
Carpal (small, round) metacarpal (wide and triangular) and digital pad (five, small triangular)
Deep antebrachial fascia
Single dense sleeve for the muscles of the forearm on the caudal surface
Extensor carpi radialis
O: lateral supracondylar crest
I: small tuberosities on dorsal surface of base of metacarpals II and III
A: extend the carpus
In: radial nerve
Extensor retinaculum
Transversely oriented carpal fascia that holds in all the tendons that cross the dorsum of the carpus
Common digital extensor
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: extensor processes of digits II, III, IV, and V
A: extend four principal digits and the carpus
In: radial nerve
Dorsal ligament
Lies on each side of the common digital extensor tendon, causing normal overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint
Lateral digital extensor
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: proximal ends and distal extensor processes of digits III, IV, and V
A: extend the carpus and the digits listed above
In: radial nerve
Ulnaris lateralis
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: lateral epicondyle of proximal end of metacarpal V and accessory carpal bone.
A: abduct the manus, flex the carpal joint
In: radial nerve
Supinator
O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: cranial surface of the humerus (proximal fourth)
A: supinate the forearm and flex the elbow
In: radial nerve
Abductor digiti I longus
O: lat/cran ulna and interosseous membrane
I: proximal end of metacarpal 1 (sesmoid near the intermedioradial)
A: abduct the first digit or pollex and extend the carpal joint
In: radial nerve
Pronater teres
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: medial border of the radius - middle
A: pronate (rotate medially) the arm and flex the elbow
In: median nerve
Flexor carpi radialis
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus and humerus medial border
I: palmar base of metacarpals II and III
A: to flex the carpus
In: median nerve
Flexor retinaculum
Layer of fibrous tissue on the palmar side of the carpus
Superficial digital flexor
O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: palmar bases of middle phalanges II, III, IV, and V
A: flex the carpus and digits listed above
In: median nerve
Flexor manica
Collar that the four tendons of the superficial digital flexor forms around the deep flexor tendon at the metacarpopharyngeal joint
Palmar annular ligament
Crosses the flexor manica, holding all the tendons of the palmar side of the hand down at the metacarpopharyngeal joint
Digital synovial sheath
The sheath surrounding the deep flexor tendon and the superficial flexor tendon
Flexor carpi ulnaris
Two heads: Ulnar head O: olecranon Humeral head O: medial epicondyle of the humerus I: accessory carpal bone Ac: flex the carpus In: ulnar nerve
Carpal canal
Space between the accessory carpal bone and the carpal bones
Deep digital flexor
Three heads
Humeral head O: medial epicondyle
Ulnar head O: caudal border of the ulna
Radial head O: medial border of the radius
I: flexor tubercles of distal phalanges I through V
A: flex carpal and digital joints
In: median and ulnar nerves
Pronator quadratus
Attachments - apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna
A: to pronate the paw
In: median nerve
Interossei
Cover the four palmar surface of the the metacarpals
Humeral joint flexor surface
Shoulder. Flexor surface is on the caudal side. Inside joint are lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments
Lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments
Poorly developed thickenings of the inner shoulder joint on the shoulder capsule
Transverse humeral retinaculum
Collagenous thickening across the tendon origin of the biceps
Elbow joint flexor surface
Is on the cranial side of the limb
Lateral and medial collateral ligaments
Pronounced thickenings in the fibrous layer of the capsule of the elbow joint. Prevent adduction or abduction of the elbow
Interosseous ligament
Unites the radius and the ulna
Antebrachiocarpal joint flexor surface
Flexor surface is caudal. Articulation of the ulna and ulnar carpal and the radius and the intermedioradial carpal. Very fibrous. The palmar carpal ligament lies on the palmar side.
Middle carpal joint
Between the two rows of carpal bones. Flexor surface is caudal.
Carpometacarpal joint
Between the distal carpals and the metacarpals
Palmar carpal ligament
Dense fibrous tissue covering the palmar aspect of the carpus and the antebrachiocarpal joint.
Metacarpophalangeal joint
Between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges
Proximal interphalangeal joint
Between proximal and middle phalanges
Distal interphalangeal joint
Between middle and distal phalanges
Extrinsic muscles of the forelimb (8)
Superficial pectorals Deep pectoral Brachiocephalicus Omotransversarius Trapezius Rhomboideus Latissimus Dorsi Serratus ventralis
Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - scapula to humerus (7)
Scapula to humerus Deltoideus Infraspinatus Teres minor Supraspinatus Subscapularis Teres major Coracobrachialis
Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - humerus to radius/ulna (7)
Humerus to radius/ulna Tensor fasciae antebrachii Triceps brachii (excepting the long head which reaches the scapula) Anconeus Biceps brachii Brachialis Supinator Pronator teres
Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - radius/ulna to carpus/digits (9)
Radius/ulna to carpus/digits Extensor carpi radialis (technically from distal humerus) Common digital extensor Lateral digital extensor Ulnaris lateralis Abductor digiti I longus Flexor carpi radialis Superficial digital flexor Flexor carpi ulnaris Deep digital flexor
Muscle origin
The part of the muscle that moves the least during contraction. Can change in some muscles (often based on limb position). Often proximal.
Glenoid cavity is also known as?
The ventral border
Acromion
Origin of the deltoideus (1 of 2 origins)
Scapular spine
Proximoventrally to distodorsally:
Omotransversarius
Trapezius (insertion)
Deltoideus (2nd origin)
Supraspinous fossa
Supraspinatus origin
Infraspinous fossa
Infraspinatus origin
Serrated face
Serratus ventralis insertion
Subscapular fossa
Subscapularis origin
Cranial border of the scapula
Contains the scapular notch on the neck of the scapula, and widens to the cranial angle proximally. No direct muscle attachments.
Dorsal border of the scalpula
Capped by thick cartilage in life
Rhomboideus insertion
Intrinsic muscles of the forearm - specialized sectional (2)
Pronator quadratus (along interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna) Interossei (digit muscles)
What is strange about the attachments of the ulnaris lateralis?
The muscle is a flexor of the carpus and yet originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus where most of the extensors originate
Caudal border
Bears the infraglenoid tubercle and caudal angle
Subscapularis origin wraps around here on lateral side
Caudal angle of the scapula
Teres major origin
Infraglenoid tubercle
Teres major origin Triceps brachii (long head) origin
Supraglenoid tubercle
Houses the coracoid process
Biceps brachii origin
Coracoid process
Coracobrachialis origin
Intertubecular groove
Humerus
Houses the tendon of the biceps brachii
Greater tubercle
Humerus
Supraspinatus insertion
Infraspinatus insertion
Deep pectoral insertion (part of)
Lesser tubercle
Humerus
Subscapularis insertion
Cranial surface of the humerus (distal 2/3)
Brachiocephalicus insertion (part of) Pectoral insertion (part of)
Crest of the greater tubercle
Can be considered a proximal continuation of the cranial surface of the humerus Pectorals insertion (part of) Cleidobrachialis insertion (part of)
Lateral surface of the humerus
Houses (proximodistally) the greater tubercle, tricipital line, deltoid tuberosity, and the brachialis groove.
Deltoid tuberosity
Insertion of the deltoideus. Lateral side.
Tricipital line
Triceps brachii origin (lateral head)
Tuberosity of the teres minor
Lateral side between greater tubercle and tricipital line
Teres minor inserts
Brachialis groove
Brachialis origin
Lateral supracondylar crest
Extensor carpi radialis origin Anaconeus origin (part of )
Tuberosity of the teres major
Latissimus Dorsi insertion
Teres major insertion
Medial surface of the humerus
Houses lesser tubercle, teres major tuberosity, smooth on distal half until the medial epicondyle
Smooth part:
Medial head of the triceps brachii origin
Coracobrachialis insertion
Humeral condyle
Includes the trochlea (medial) and capitulum (lateral), lateral and medial epicondyles, and both radial and olecranon fossae on the cranial and caudal surface
Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Most origins for the extensors of carpus and digits
Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Ulnaris lateralis
Supinator
Origin for lateral collateral ligament of the elbow also.
Medial epicondyle of the humerus
Most origins of the flexors of the carpus and digits Anconeus origin (part of) Flexor carpi radialis Flexor carpi ulnaris (both heads) Pronator teres Superficial digital flexor Deep digital flexor Origin for medial collateral ligament of the elbow.
Supratrochlear foramen - dogs vs cats
In dog - sits in radial and olecranon fossae with no soft tissue passing through it
In cat - called the supracondylar foramen and contains the median nerve and brachial artery
Radial tuberosity
Medial border of the radius
Biceps brachii insertion
Brachialis insertion
Articular circumferences of the radius with the ulna?
Radius: proximal articular circumference
Distal ulnar notch
Ulna: proximal radial notch (proximal ulna is bigger in general)
Distal articular circumference
Caudal surface of the radius
Roughened surface - houses the interosseous membrane which connects to the cranial surface of the ulna
Styloid process of the radial trochlea
Origin of the medial collateral ligament of the carpus
Houses tendon of abductor digiti I longus
Houses tendon of the common digital extensor
Olecranon
Olecranon tuber and anaconeal process
Lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow - caudal side
Insertion of triceps brachii (tuber)
Insertion of tensor fasciae antebrachii (tuber)
Insertion of anconeus (tuber in dogs)
Origin of flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor medially
Ulnar tuberosity
Medial side of the ulna.
Insertion of the biceps brachii (part of)
Insertion of the brachialis (part of)
Interosseous membrane
Thick ligament between the radius and the ulna.
Attachment for the pronator quadratus (also will attach directly to the bone)
Styloid process of the ulna
Important for articulation but no major muscular attachments
Coronoid processes
Ulnar, form the borders of the trochlear notch.
Accessory carpal
Lateral side of the carpus
Lever arm for flexor muscle of the carpus
Base, head, and body of the metacarpals and phalanges
Base is most proximal and contains sagittal groove
Head is most distal and contains sagittal ridge
Metacarpals
Numbered from one on the lateral side
Interossei are palmar between bones
Extensor processes of the distal phalanges
Dorsal, near ungual crest
Flexor tubercles of the distal phalanges
Palmar close to the ungual crest