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Anatomy I (Fall) > Dog Forelimb > Flashcards

Dog Forelimb Flashcards

1
Q

Muscle insertion

A

Part of the muscle that moves the most during contraction. Can change (often based on position of the limb). Often distal.

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2
Q

Tendon

A

Dense, regularly arranged connective tissue in a small well-defined bundle.

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3
Q

Aponeurosis

A

Dense regularly arranged connective tissue in a sheet.

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4
Q

Ligament

A

Dense fibrous connective tissue between bone/bone, organ/organ, or organ/body wall.

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5
Q

Cutaneus trunci

A

Thin superficial sheet of muscle more closely associated with fascia than any bone or other structure.
Attachments: superficial fascia
Action: twitch reflex

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6
Q

Preputial muscle

A

Thickening of the cutaneus trunci near the prepuce
Attachments: superficial fascia
Action: supports cranial prepuce (non-erect)
Pulls prepuce over glans (post erection)

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7
Q

Platysma

A

Continuation of the cutaneus trunci over face
Insertion: skull
Action: facial twitch, “smiling”

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8
Q

Decending pectoral

A

One of two superficial pectoral muscles
Origin: 1st sternabrae
Insertion: greater tubercle of humerus
Action: adduct limb (free limb)
Prevent abduction (fixed limb)
Innervation: crainial pectoral nerves (c7,c8 spinal nerve, ventral branch)

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9
Q

Transverse pectoral

A

One of two parts of superficial pectorals
Origin: 1st 2 or 3 sternebrae
Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus
Action: adduct the limb (free limb)
Prevent abduction (fixed limb)
Innervation: crainial pectoral nerves (c7,c8 spinal nerve,ventral branch)

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10
Q

Deep pectoral

A

Origin: fibrous raphe of sternum
Deep abdominal fascia near xyphoid
Insertion: lesser tubercle of the humerus (tendon and muscle)
Greater tubercle (aponeurosis)
Medial brachial fascia
Action: pull trunk cranially (limb fixed)
Draw limb caudally, adduct, flex shoulder joint (limb free)
Innervation: caudal pectoral nerves (c8,t1)

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11
Q

Brachiocephalicus

A

Compound muscle of three parts: all attachments movable
cleidobrachialis-
O: clavicular intersection
I: distal third of humerus
Cleidocephalicus pars cervicalis -
O: clavicular intersection
I: dorsal midline of the neck on fibrous raphe
Cleidocephalicus pars mastoidea-
O: clavicular intersection
I: mastoid process of skull
Action: advance the limb
Extend the shoulder joint
Draw head and neck to the side or down (Uni vs bi)
Innervation:

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12
Q

Sternocephalicus

A

O: 1st sternebrae (aka manubrium)
I: Mastoid part - mastoid process of temporal bone
Occipital part - nuchal crest of occipital bone
Action: draw head and neck to the side or down (Uni vs bi)
Innervation: accessory nerve and ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves.

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13
Q

Sternohyoideus

A

O: manubrium and first costal cartilage
I: basihyoid bone
Action: pull tongue and larynx caudally
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

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14
Q

Sternothyroideus

A

O: first costal cartilage
I: thyroid cartilage
Action: pull tongue and larynx caudally
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves

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15
Q

Omotransversarius

A 
Attachments (o and I variable)
     Scapular spine (distal end)
     Transverse wing of the atlas 
Action: advance the limb (free limb)
             Flex neck laterally (fixed limb)
Innervation: accessory nerve
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16
Q

Rhomboideus

A 
Rhomboideus capitis
    O: nuchal crest of occipital bone
     I: dorsal border of scapula 
Rhomboideus cervicis
    O: median raphe of the neck
     I: dorsal border of scapula 
Rhomboideus thoracis
    O: spinous processes of 1st 7 vertebrae
     I: dorsal border of scapula 
Action: elevate the forelimb
            Draw scapula against the trunk 
Innervation: thoracic spinal nerves
             Ventral branches of cervical nerves
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17
Q

Trapezius

A 
Cervical part of the trapezius
    O: median raphe of the neck
     I: scapular spine 
Thoracic part of the trapezius 
    O: supraspinous ligament from c3 to t9
     I: scapular spine 
Action: elevate and abduct the forelimb
Innervation: accessory nerve
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18
Q

Latissimus Dorsi

A

O: thoracolumbar fascia from spinous processes of lumbar and last 7-8 vertebrae, muscular attachment to last 2-3 ribs
I: teres major tuberosity
Teres major tendon
Action: draw limb caudally (free limb)
Flex shoulder joint (fixed limb)
Innervation: thoracodorsal nerve (c7,c8,t1)

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19
Q

Serratus ventralis

A

Serratus ventralis cervicis:
O: transverse processes of last five cervical vertebrae
Serratus ventralis thoracis:
O: first seven to eight thoracic vertebrae
Insertion: serrated face of the scapula
Action: support the trunk
Depress the scapula
Innervation: ventral branches of cervical spinal nerves and the long thoracic nerve (c7)

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20
Q

Deltoideus

A

O: acromion and scapular spine
I: deltoid tuberosity of humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
In: axillary nerve

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21
Q

Infraspinatus

A

O: Infraspinous fossa of scapula
I: greater tubercle of humerus (lateral side)
A: can extend or flex shoulder dependent on joint position
Abduct and rotate shoulder laterally
In: suprascapular nerve

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22
Q

Umbilicus

A

Scar on midventral line

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23
Q

Vortex

A

Spiral of hair around the umbilicus

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24
Q

Integument

A

Skin. Thickest on the neck, thinnest on the ventral surface of the abdomen.

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25
Q

Mammae

A

8-12 on dogs but typically 10, 4 thoracic, 4 abdominal, 2 inguinal. Most cranial set always smaller. In lactating animals, abdominal and inguinal glandular tissue appears to be one mass. Each has a papilla or nipple with a various number of ducts dependent on species. Only fully developed in the lactating animal.

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26
Q

Epidermis

A

Thin outer epithelium of the integument

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27
Q

Dermis

A

Thicker deep layer of the integument, layer of connective tissue

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28
Q

Costal arch

A

Costal cartilages of the 10th, 11th, and 12th ribs. 13th = floating rib because it does not connect to this structure.

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29
Q

Superficial fascia

A

Directly deep to areolar tissue. Denser and more regular connective tissue, covers the entire body.

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30
Q

Deep fascia

A

Dense and regularly arranged connective tissue firmly attached to the muscles it encloses.

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31
Q

Areolar tissue

A

Thin layer of loose, irregularly arranged tissue often containing fat just deep to the integument

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32
Q

Superficial cervical lymph nodes

A

Lns crainial to the scapula and covered by the omotransversarius. Should be palpable in the live dog.

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33
Q

Deep fascia of the neck

A

Deep fibrous wrapping under the sternocephalicis

Covers the Sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus, trachea, thyroid gland, larynx, and esophagus.

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34
Q

Carotid sheath

A

Covers common carotid artery, vagosympathetic nerve trunk, internal jugular vein, and tracheal lymphatic trunk.

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35
Q

Supraspinous ligament

A

Connects all dorsal aspects of the vertebral spines except the cervical vertebrae.

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36
Q

Nuchal ligament

A

Yellow elastic fibrous tissue
Connects the spine of the first thoracic vertebrae to the spine of the axis. Particularly pronounced in large grazing animals.

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37
Q

Median raphe

A

Longitudinal fibrous septem between epaxial muscles
Dorsal to the nuchal ligament
Serves as an attachment for many cervical muscles

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38
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia

A

Deep fascia of the trunk
Arises from the supraspinous ligament and spines of the lumbar and thoracic vertebrae
Fuses with fascia on ventral midline

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39
Q

Linea alba

A

Ventral midline fascial line

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40
Q

Deltoideus

A

O: scapular spine and acromion
I: deltoid tuberosity of the humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
In: axillary nerve

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41
Q

Infraspinatus

A

O: Infraspinous fossa
I: greater tubercle of the humerus
A: flex the shoulder joint
Abduct and rotate the shoulder laterally
Prevent medial rotation (fixed limb)
In: suprascapular nerve

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42
Q

Subtendinous synovial bursa

A

Underneath the Infraspinatus next to greater tubercle.

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43
Q

Bursa

A

Closed connective tissue sac containing synovial fluid to reduce friction.

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44
Q

Teres minor

A

O: infraglenoid tubercle and caudal border of the scapula
I: teres minor tuberosity
A: flex the shoulder
Prevent medial rotation (fixed limb)
In: suprascapular nerve

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45
Q

Supraspinatus

A

O: supraspinous fossa
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: extend and laterally stabilize the shoulder
In: suprascapular nerve

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46
Q

Subscapularis

A

O: subscapular fossa
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: adduct, extend, medially stabilize shoulder
Prevent lateral rotation (fixed limb)
In: subscapular nerve

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47
Q

Teres major

A 
O: caudal angle and border of scapula
     Caudal surface of subscapularis 
I: teres major tuberosity 
A: flex and medially rotate shoulder
     Prevent lateral rotation (fixed limb)
In: axillary nerve
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48
Q

Coracobrachialis

A

O: coracoid process of the scapula
I: lesser tubercle of the humerus
A: adduct and extend the shoulder joint
In: musculocutaneous nerve

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49
Q

Tensor fasciae antebrachii

A

O: fascia on the lateral side of the latissimus Dorsi
I: olecranon
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve

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50
Q

Triceps brachii - long head

A

O: caudal border of scapula
I: olecranon tuber
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve

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51
Q

Triceps brachii lateral head

A

O: tricipital line of the humerus
I: olecranon tuber
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve

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52
Q

Triceps brachii accessory head

A

O: neck of the humerus
I: olecranon tuber
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve

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53
Q

Triceps brachii medial head

A

O: lesser tubercle
I: olecranon
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve

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54
Q

Anconeus

A

O: lateral supracondylar crest of the humerus
I: olecranon
A: extend the elbow
In: radial nerve

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55
Q

Biceps brachii

A

O: supraglenoid tubercle
I: ulnar and radial tuberosities
A: flex the elbow, extend the shoulder
In: musculocutaneous nerve

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56
Q

Transverse humeral rentinaculum

A

Band of fibrous tissue joining the greater and lesser tubercles, holding the tendon of the biceps brachii in place in the tubercular groove

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57
Q

Intertubercular bursa

A

The synovial sheath over the tendon of the biceps brachii, an extension of the shoulder joint capsule

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58
Q

Brachialis

A

O: lateral humerus - proximal third
I: ulnar and radial tuberosities
A: flex the elbow
In: musculocutaneous nerve

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59
Q

Foot pads

A

Carpal (small, round) metacarpal (wide and triangular) and digital pad (five, small triangular)

60
Q

Deep antebrachial fascia

A

Single dense sleeve for the muscles of the forearm on the caudal surface

61
Q

Extensor carpi radialis

A

O: lateral supracondylar crest
I: small tuberosities on dorsal surface of base of metacarpals II and III
A: extend the carpus
In: radial nerve

62
Q

Extensor retinaculum

A

Transversely oriented carpal fascia that holds in all the tendons that cross the dorsum of the carpus

63
Q

Common digital extensor

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: extensor processes of digits II, III, IV, and V
A: extend four principal digits and the carpus
In: radial nerve

64
Q

Dorsal ligament

A

Lies on each side of the common digital extensor tendon, causing normal overextension of the distal interphalangeal joint

65
Q

Lateral digital extensor

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: proximal ends and distal extensor processes of digits III, IV, and V
A: extend the carpus and the digits listed above
In: radial nerve

66
Q

Ulnaris lateralis

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: lateral epicondyle of proximal end of metacarpal V and accessory carpal bone.
A: abduct the manus, flex the carpal joint
In: radial nerve

67
Q

Supinator

A

O: lateral epicondyle of the humerus
I: cranial surface of the humerus (proximal fourth)
A: supinate the forearm and flex the elbow
In: radial nerve

68
Q

Abductor digiti I longus

A

O: lat/cran ulna and interosseous membrane
I: proximal end of metacarpal 1 (sesmoid near the intermedioradial)
A: abduct the first digit or pollex and extend the carpal joint
In: radial nerve

69
Q

Pronater teres

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: medial border of the radius - middle
A: pronate (rotate medially) the arm and flex the elbow
In: median nerve

70
Q

Flexor carpi radialis

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus and humerus medial border
I: palmar base of metacarpals II and III
A: to flex the carpus
In: median nerve

71
Q

Flexor retinaculum

A

Layer of fibrous tissue on the palmar side of the carpus

72
Q

Superficial digital flexor

A

O: medial epicondyle of the humerus
I: palmar bases of middle phalanges II, III, IV, and V
A: flex the carpus and digits listed above
In: median nerve

73
Q

Flexor manica

A

Collar that the four tendons of the superficial digital flexor forms around the deep flexor tendon at the metacarpopharyngeal joint

74
Q

Palmar annular ligament

A

Crosses the flexor manica, holding all the tendons of the palmar side of the hand down at the metacarpopharyngeal joint

75
Q

Digital synovial sheath

A

The sheath surrounding the deep flexor tendon and the superficial flexor tendon

76
Q

Flexor carpi ulnaris

A 
Two heads: 
Ulnar head O: olecranon
Humeral head O: medial epicondyle of the humerus 
I: accessory carpal bone
Ac: flex the carpus 
In: ulnar nerve
77
Q

Carpal canal

A

Space between the accessory carpal bone and the carpal bones

78
Q

Deep digital flexor

A

Three heads
Humeral head O: medial epicondyle
Ulnar head O: caudal border of the ulna
Radial head O: medial border of the radius
I: flexor tubercles of distal phalanges I through V
A: flex carpal and digital joints
In: median and ulnar nerves

79
Q

Pronator quadratus

A

Attachments - apposed surfaces of the radius and ulna
A: to pronate the paw
In: median nerve

80
Q

Interossei

A

Cover the four palmar surface of the the metacarpals

81
Q

Humeral joint flexor surface

A

Shoulder. Flexor surface is on the caudal side. Inside joint are lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments

82
Q

Lateral and medial glenohumeral ligaments

A

Poorly developed thickenings of the inner shoulder joint on the shoulder capsule

83
Q

Transverse humeral retinaculum

A

Collagenous thickening across the tendon origin of the biceps

84
Q

Elbow joint flexor surface

A

Is on the cranial side of the limb

85
Q

Lateral and medial collateral ligaments

A

Pronounced thickenings in the fibrous layer of the capsule of the elbow joint. Prevent adduction or abduction of the elbow

86
Q

Interosseous ligament

A

Unites the radius and the ulna

87
Q

Antebrachiocarpal joint flexor surface

A

Flexor surface is caudal. Articulation of the ulna and ulnar carpal and the radius and the intermedioradial carpal. Very fibrous. The palmar carpal ligament lies on the palmar side.

88
Q

Middle carpal joint

A

Between the two rows of carpal bones. Flexor surface is caudal.

89
Q

Carpometacarpal joint

A

Between the distal carpals and the metacarpals

90
Q

Palmar carpal ligament

A

Dense fibrous tissue covering the palmar aspect of the carpus and the antebrachiocarpal joint.

91
Q

Metacarpophalangeal joint

A

Between the metacarpals and the proximal phalanges

92
Q

Proximal interphalangeal joint

A

Between proximal and middle phalanges

93
Q

Distal interphalangeal joint

A

Between middle and distal phalanges

94
Q

Extrinsic muscles of the forelimb (8)

A 
Superficial pectorals 
Deep pectoral 
Brachiocephalicus
Omotransversarius
Trapezius
Rhomboideus 
Latissimus Dorsi 
Serratus ventralis
95
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - scapula to humerus (7)

A 
Scapula to humerus 
   Deltoideus 
   Infraspinatus 
   Teres minor 
   Supraspinatus
   Subscapularis 
   Teres major 
   Coracobrachialis
96
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - humerus to radius/ulna (7)

A 
Humerus to radius/ulna 
   Tensor fasciae antebrachii
   Triceps brachii (excepting the long head which reaches the scapula)
   Anconeus 
   Biceps brachii
   Brachialis 
   Supinator 
   Pronator teres
97
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the forelimb - radius/ulna to carpus/digits (9)

A 
Radius/ulna to carpus/digits 
   Extensor carpi radialis (technically from distal humerus) 
   Common digital extensor 
   Lateral digital extensor 
   Ulnaris lateralis 
   Abductor digiti I longus 
   Flexor carpi radialis 
   Superficial digital flexor 
   Flexor carpi ulnaris 
   Deep digital flexor
98
Q

Muscle origin

A

The part of the muscle that moves the least during contraction. Can change in some muscles (often based on limb position). Often proximal.

99
Q

Glenoid cavity is also known as?

A

The ventral border

100
Q

Acromion

A

Origin of the deltoideus (1 of 2 origins)

101
Q

Scapular spine

A

Proximoventrally to distodorsally:
Omotransversarius
Trapezius (insertion)
Deltoideus (2nd origin)

102
Q

Supraspinous fossa

A

Supraspinatus origin

103
Q

Infraspinous fossa

A

Infraspinatus origin

104
Q

Serrated face

A

Serratus ventralis insertion

105
Q

Subscapular fossa

A

Subscapularis origin

106
Q

Cranial border of the scapula

A

Contains the scapular notch on the neck of the scapula, and widens to the cranial angle proximally. No direct muscle attachments.

107
Q

Dorsal border of the scalpula

A

Capped by thick cartilage in life

Rhomboideus insertion

108
Q

Intrinsic muscles of the forearm - specialized sectional (2)

A 
Pronator quadratus (along interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna)
Interossei (digit muscles)
109
Q

What is strange about the attachments of the ulnaris lateralis?

A

The muscle is a flexor of the carpus and yet originates from the lateral epicondyle of the humerus where most of the extensors originate

110
Q

Caudal border

A

Bears the infraglenoid tubercle and caudal angle

Subscapularis origin wraps around here on lateral side

111
Q

Caudal angle of the scapula

A

Teres major origin

112
Q

Infraglenoid tubercle

A 
Teres major origin
Triceps brachii (long head) origin
113
Q

Supraglenoid tubercle

A

Houses the coracoid process

Biceps brachii origin

114
Q

Coracoid process

A

Coracobrachialis origin

115
Q

Intertubecular groove

A

Humerus

Houses the tendon of the biceps brachii

116
Q

Greater tubercle

A

Humerus
Supraspinatus insertion
Infraspinatus insertion
Deep pectoral insertion (part of)

117
Q

Lesser tubercle

A

Humerus

Subscapularis insertion

118
Q

Cranial surface of the humerus (distal 2/3)

A 
Brachiocephalicus insertion (part of)
Pectoral insertion  (part of)
119
Q

Crest of the greater tubercle

A 
Can be considered a proximal continuation of the cranial surface of the humerus 
Pectorals insertion (part of)
Cleidobrachialis insertion (part of)
120
Q

Lateral surface of the humerus

A

Houses (proximodistally) the greater tubercle, tricipital line, deltoid tuberosity, and the brachialis groove.

121
Q

Deltoid tuberosity

A

Insertion of the deltoideus. Lateral side.

122
Q

Tricipital line

A

Triceps brachii origin (lateral head)

123
Q

Tuberosity of the teres minor

A

Lateral side between greater tubercle and tricipital line

Teres minor inserts

124
Q

Brachialis groove

A

Brachialis origin

125
Q

Lateral supracondylar crest

A 
Extensor carpi radialis origin 
Anaconeus origin (part of )
126
Q

Tuberosity of the teres major

A

Latissimus Dorsi insertion

Teres major insertion

127
Q

Medial surface of the humerus

A

Houses lesser tubercle, teres major tuberosity, smooth on distal half until the medial epicondyle
Smooth part:
Medial head of the triceps brachii origin
Coracobrachialis insertion

128
Q

Humeral condyle

A

Includes the trochlea (medial) and capitulum (lateral), lateral and medial epicondyles, and both radial and olecranon fossae on the cranial and caudal surface

129
Q

Lateral epicondyle of the humerus

A

Most origins for the extensors of carpus and digits
Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor
Ulnaris lateralis
Supinator
Origin for lateral collateral ligament of the elbow also.

130
Q

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

A 
Most origins of the flexors of the carpus and digits 
Anconeus origin (part of) 
Flexor carpi radialis 
Flexor carpi ulnaris (both heads)
Pronator teres 
Superficial digital flexor
Deep digital flexor 
Origin for medial collateral ligament of the elbow.
131
Q

Supratrochlear foramen - dogs vs cats

A

In dog - sits in radial and olecranon fossae with no soft tissue passing through it
In cat - called the supracondylar foramen and contains the median nerve and brachial artery

132
Q

Radial tuberosity

A

Medial border of the radius
Biceps brachii insertion
Brachialis insertion

133
Q

Articular circumferences of the radius with the ulna?

A

Radius: proximal articular circumference
Distal ulnar notch
Ulna: proximal radial notch (proximal ulna is bigger in general)
Distal articular circumference

134
Q

Caudal surface of the radius

A

Roughened surface - houses the interosseous membrane which connects to the cranial surface of the ulna

135
Q

Styloid process of the radial trochlea

A

Origin of the medial collateral ligament of the carpus
Houses tendon of abductor digiti I longus
Houses tendon of the common digital extensor

136
Q

Olecranon

A

Olecranon tuber and anaconeal process
Lever arm for the extensor muscles of the elbow - caudal side
Insertion of triceps brachii (tuber)
Insertion of tensor fasciae antebrachii (tuber)
Insertion of anconeus (tuber in dogs)
Origin of flexor carpi ulnaris and deep digital flexor medially

137
Q

Ulnar tuberosity

A

Medial side of the ulna.
Insertion of the biceps brachii (part of)
Insertion of the brachialis (part of)

138
Q

Interosseous membrane

A

Thick ligament between the radius and the ulna.

Attachment for the pronator quadratus (also will attach directly to the bone)

139
Q

Styloid process of the ulna

A

Important for articulation but no major muscular attachments

140
Q

Coronoid processes

A

Ulnar, form the borders of the trochlear notch.

141
Q

Accessory carpal

A

Lateral side of the carpus

Lever arm for flexor muscle of the carpus

142
Q

Base, head, and body of the metacarpals and phalanges

A

Base is most proximal and contains sagittal groove

Head is most distal and contains sagittal ridge

143
Q

Metacarpals

A

Numbered from one on the lateral side

Interossei are palmar between bones

144
Q

Extensor processes of the distal phalanges

A

Dorsal, near ungual crest

145
Q

Flexor tubercles of the distal phalanges

A

Palmar close to the ungual crest

Anatomy I (Fall) (8 decks)

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