Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine 2.1 > Vascular Tree and Examination of Peripheral Pulses > Flashcards

Vascular Tree and Examination of Peripheral Pulses Flashcards

1
Q

What is the role of the circulatory system?

A

-Contributes to homeostasis by delivery of nutrients and O2 via blood from one part of the body to another.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What do arteries/arterioles do?

A

-Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart and serve as a pressure resevoir.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do venules/veins do?

A

-Highly distensible tubes that return oxygen depleted blood back to heart and lungs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What so capillary beds do?

A

-Place of exchange of water, oxygen, nutrients and other substances between tissues and blood.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List the structures in the histology of the artery?

A
  • Endothelium
  • Tunica intima
  • Internal elastic membrane
  • Tunica media
  • External elastic membrane
  • Tunica externa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

List the structures in the histology of the vein?

A
  • Endothelium
  • Tunica intima
  • Tunica media (much larger in artery)
  • Tunica externa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe the structure of the tunica intima media layer of arteries and veins?

A
  • Single layer of flt epithelial cells with a separating layer of elastin rich collagen.
  • Provides a smooth, friction reducing lining for the vessel.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the structure and function of the tunica media layer of arteries and veins?

A
  • Smooth muscle
  • Activated by sympathetic NS, vasoconstriction and increase BP, or vasodilation and decrease BP.

-Connective tissue (primarily elastic fibres), elastic fibres stretch then passively recoil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the tunica externa layer of arteries and veins?

A
  • Outermost layer, made of fibrous connective tissue and vasa vasorum
  • Protective and supporting layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What can buegers test help show?

A
  • An ischaemic leg would show difference in colour after elevation then lowering.
  • Can let you see if it is heart pump that brings blood down or just gravity.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the vascular tree?

A
  • Lots of branches of arteries and veins coming off a common trunk (aorta) which commences at left ventricle.
  • The smallest branches can extend to peripheral parts of the body.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When/ how may a blood vessel divide?

A
  • When aorta divides into common iliac arteries.
  • A short vessel can subdivide into several branhces at the same point.
  • A vessel may give off several branches in sucession and still continue as the main trunk (eg. arteries of the limb)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are anastomoses and how may they form?

A
  • Arteries communicating with one another form anastomoses
  • They can be anatomical eg. Circle of Willis in brain
  • Or can be functional eg. mesenteric vessels in GI tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What results in collateral circulation?

A

-Expansion of vascular anastomoses results in collateral circulation.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Do smaller or larger branches anastomose more frequently and what can this result in?

A

Smaller branches

-Can result in extensive networks allwoing ongoing perfusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

In what clinical problems may collateral circulation be relevant and how?

A
  • In chronic lower limb ischaemia collateralisation allows blood flow in non-textbook pathways
  • In acute limb ischaemia where there is no collateral circulation, or occlusion of end arteries eg. splenic artery, reanl artery
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Summarise the relationship between anastomoses and collateral circulation?

A
  • An anastomoses is a union of vessels supplying blood to the same body tissue.
  • Should a blood vessel become occluded, a vascular anastomoses provides collateral circulation (alternative route) for blood to reach a tissue.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the pulse represent and how may we feel our pulse?

A
  • Represents palpable arterial palpatation after each heartbeat. Systolis contraction leads to this ressure wave we feel.
  • Felt where an artery can be compressed against bone.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What do pulses allow us to assess?

A
  • Rate

- Rythm

20
Q

What are the pulses we can feel on our bodies?

A
  • Popliteal
  • Axillary
  • Radial
  • Brachial
  • Carotid
  • Ulnar
  • Dorsalis pedis pulse
  • Femoral pulse
  • Posterior tibial pulse
21
Q

How can the femoral pulse be located?

A

-Mid inguinal point: halfway between anterior superior iliac spine and pubic symphysis.

22
Q

How can popliteal pulse be located?

A

-Above the knee in the popliteal fossa, found by holding the bent knee.

23
Q

How can the dorsalis pedis pulse be located?

A

-Top of foot, immediately lateral to tendon of extensor hallicis longus

24
Q

How can posterior tibial pulse be located?

A
  • Medial side of ankle

- 2cm inferior and 2cm posterior to the medial malleous

25
Q

How can the axillary pulse be located?

A

Located inferiorly to lateral wall of axilla

26
Q

How can the brachial plexus be located?

A

Located on medial aspect of the arm near the elbow.

27
Q

How can the radial pulse be located?

A

Lateral aspect of wrist and also anatomical snuff box.

28
Q

How can the ulnar pulse be located?

A

-Located on medial aspect of wrist

29
Q

How can carotid pulse be located?

A

-Medial to anterior border of sternocleidomastoid muscle, above the hyoid bone and lateral to the thyroid cartilage.

30
Q

What can ankle brachial pressure values indicate?

A
  • > 1 is normal
  • 0.7-0.9 mild PAD
  • 0.5-0.7 moderate PAD
  • 0.3-0.5 severe PAD
  • <0.3 limb threat
31
Q

What is the caveat when it comes to measuring ankle brachial pressure values?

A

-Calcified vessels do not compress and can give falsely elevated readings.

32
Q

What is atherosclerosis?

A
  • Most common type of arterial disease characterised by calcification and plaque formation.
  • Arterial wall thickening and elasticity loss
  • Hardening of arteries
33
Q

What are risk factors for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Non modifiable: -increasing age
  • sex (male)
  • Family history
  • Modifiable: -Diabetes
  • Obesity
  • Smoking
  • Hypertension
  • Hyperlipidaemia
  • Pro thrombotic tendencies
34
Q

What are the components of atherosclerotic plaque?

A
  • Cellular (SMC, macrophages, WBC)
  • ECM (collagen, elastin and prostaglandins)
  • Lipid (cholesterol)
35
Q

What is the major process of plaque formation in atherosclerosis?

A
  • Intimal thickening (SMC proliferation and ECM synthesis)

- Lipid accumulation

36
Q

How do vessels change in atherosclerosis and what are the potential consequences?

A
  • Plaque narrows lumen: ischaemia, turbulence
  • Weakening of wall: aneurysm, rupture
  • Thrombosis: ischaemia, embolisation
  • Plaque disruption: athero-embolisation
37
Q

What is an embolism?

A

-Embolism is the blockage of blood vessel by solid, liquid or gas at a site distant from its origin.
90% are thrombo emboli

38
Q

What does the internal carotid artery supply?

A

The brain and vertebral arteries

39
Q

What is a common site of atherosclerosis and what consequences does this have?

A
  • Common carotid bifurcation

- Causes luminal narrowing and potential embolisation of brain

40
Q

What can cerebral ischaemia lead to?

A

-Can result in transient ischaemic attack or thromboembolic stroke

41
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

-An aneurysm is a bulge in a blood vessel caused by a weakness in the blood vessel wall, usually where it branches.
As blood passes through the weakened blood vessel, the BP causes a small area to bulge outwards like a baloon.

42
Q

What are symptoms/signs of an aneurysm?

A
  • Pain
  • Low BP
  • Rapid heart rate
  • Light headedness
43
Q

What can rupture of AA lead to?

A

-Life threatening internal bleeding

44
Q

What can be done to reconstruct artery?

A
  • Endovascular: baloon angioplasty, stent
  • Open surgery: endarterectomy, bypass
  • Open aneurysm repair
  • Endovascular aneurysm repair
  • Peripheral bypass
  • Major limb amputation
45
Q

What is the response to injury hypothesis for atherosclerosis?

A
  • Presence of focal plaques within intima containing cholesterol and cholesterol ethers from young age.
  • Chronic inflammatory response to vascual wall to endothelial injury or dysfnuction.
  • Activation of endothelial cells
  • Recruitment of monocytes/macrophages
  • Formation of foam cells (fatty streaks)
  • Proliferation of smooth muscle cells
  • Deposition of ECM proteins
46
Q

What size of artery tends to be affected by atherosclerosis?

A

-Large and medium sized

Medicine 2.1 (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions