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Medicine 2.1 > Anatomy- Knee and Leg > Flashcards

Anatomy- Knee and Leg Flashcards

1
Q

What bones comprise the knee joint?

A
  • Femoral condyles
  • Tibial condyles
  • Patella
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2
Q

What 3 articulations are formed by the knee joint?

A
  • 2 femorotibial

- 1 femeropatellar

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3
Q

Is the fibula associated with the knee joint?

A

NO

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4
Q

What is the role of the fibula and what articulations does it make?

A
  • Plays little role in weight bearing and is an important site for muscle attatchments and also stabilises the ankle.
  • Articulates with tibia at tibiofemoral joint
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5
Q

What is the allignment of the femur on the tibia like and why is this important?

A
  • Femur is diagonal whereas tibia is vertical
  • There is a Q angle between the two
  • Allows knee to be positioned under the hip and distributes weight evenly across knee
  • Retains centre of gravity to midline
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6
Q

What does the obliquety of the femur depend on?

A

-Depends on angle of alignment normally around 126 degrees between neck and shaft of femur.

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7
Q

What degrees is the Q angle usually?

A

around 15

but is greter in females

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8
Q

How can Q angle be measured?

A

-By drawing line from ASIS to middle of patella then a vertical line through patella and tibial tuberosity and calculating angle between them.

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9
Q

What is genu varum?

A
  • When Q angle is less than 17 degrees
  • Tibia adducted with respect to femur
  • Bow leg
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10
Q

What is genu valgum?

A
  • When Q angle is more than 17 degrees
  • Tibia abducted with respect to femur
  • Knock knee
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11
Q

Describe the stability of the knee joint and what helps to provide it?

A

-Not very stable, most stable when extended
-Depends on: ligaments connecting femur and tibia
Strength of its surrounding muscles (and their tendons)

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12
Q

What are the inner articular ligaments and where are they?

A
  • ACL
  • PCL
  • Cross each other obliquely in the centre of the knee
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13
Q

Which of the CL ligaments is stronger?

A

-Posterior

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14
Q

Where exactly are the ACL and PCL (origins and insertions)?

A
  • ACL: attaches to ant. intercondylar region of tibia and travels superoposteriorly to attach to lat. femoral condyle.
  • PCL: attaches to post, intercondylar regions of tibia and travels superoanteriorly to insert onto medial femoral condyle.
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15
Q

What is the function of the ACL?

A
  • Prevents ant. displacement of the tibia on the femur

- Prevents hyperextension

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16
Q

What is the function of the PCL?

A
  • Prevents post. displacement of the tibia on femur
  • Prevents hyperflexion of knee
  • Main knee stabiliser when weight bearing eg. walking down hill
17
Q

What are the menisci?

A

-2 crescent shaped fibrocartilage joints between femur and tibia

18
Q

Where are menisci thicker?

A

At external margins

19
Q

What is the function of the menisci?

A
  • Increase joint congruency
  • Shock absorbing
  • Distribute weight evenly
  • Assist in locking mechanism
  • Aid lubrication by facilitating movement of synovial fluid
20
Q

What are meniscal tears and what may cause them?

A
  • May be due to sports injury or degenerative changes

- Displaced cartilage can become trapped during knee movements (pain or locking)

21
Q

What is a potential treatment for meniscus tears and a risk associated?

A

-Menisectomy (associated with development of osteoarthritis)

22
Q

When may ACL damage occur and how can it be tested?

A
  • When knee is hyperextended or force applied anteriorly

- Test: tibia can be pulled anteriorly on a fixed femur

23
Q

When may PCL damage occur and how may it be tested?

A
  • When landing on the tibial tuberosity with the knee flexed.
  • Test: tibia can be pushed post. on a fixed femur
24
Q

What muscles are involved in stabilising the knee joint and what is the mosst important?

A
  • Quadriceps, hamstrings, sartorius, gracilis, IT tract

- Quads most important, building up that muscle can even compensate for ligament damage

25
Q

What is an arthroscopy?

A

-A minimally invasive technique that can be performed under local anaesthetic and allows inspection and surgical repair of ligaments and menisci

26
Q

What are the extra articular ligaments of the knee joint and what is their common role?

A
  • Fibular (lateral) collateral ligament
  • Tibial (medial) collateral ligament
  • Both prevent rotation during extension of the knee contributing to stability while standing
27
Q

Describe the fibular collateral ligament location and structure and function?

A
  • Cord like band
  • Prevents adduction of the leg at the knee
  • Not attatched to lateral meniscus
28
Q

Describe the tibial collateral ligament location, structure and function?

A
  • Flat band
  • Attatches to medial meniscus
  • Prevents abduction of leg at knee
29
Q

What is combined knee injury and how may it be caused?

A
  • Caused by lateral excessive twisting of the flexed knee or blow to lateral side of extended knee
  • Abduction of leg ruptures medial collateral ligament, rotation ruptures ACL
  • Injures ACL, collateral ligaments and may also tear menisscus
30
Q

How may combined knee injury be treated?

A

-Would need surgical reconstruction of ligaments, attempting to save as much of menicus as possible.

31
Q

What is knee bursa?

A

-Knee surrounded by bursa to allow free movement of skin and surrounding ligaments and tendons.

32
Q

What are the most commonly involved bursa around the knee?

A
  • Prepatellar
  • Infrapatellar
  • Suprapatellar
33
Q

What is the largest of the knee bursas and describe its location?

A
  • Suprapatellar and is continous with synovial cavity of knee.
  • Is held in place by articularis genus muscle (part of vastus intermedius).
34
Q

How may patella dislocation occur?

A
  • Large Q angle and strong quad contraction can cause it because:
  • Greater the Q angle, the greater the tendancy to move the patella laterallt againt lateral femoral condyle.
  • Rectus femoris, vastus intermedius and lateralus all pulling superolaterally.
35
Q

What movements occur at the knee joint?

A
  • Flexion varied ammounts depending on whether hip is extneded or flexed or passive
  • Medial rotation
  • Lateral rotation
36
Q

Describe the process of locking the knee and unlocking the knee?

A
  • As joint approaches full extension, femur undergoes a few degrees of med. rotation on tibia.
  • This is called locking the knee (it is very stav=ble and allows the thigh to relax)
  • Knee unloocked by politeus muscle which laterally rotates femur
37
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Superomedial: semimembranosus
  • Superolateral: biceps femoris
  • Inferomedial: med. head of gastrocnemius
  • Inferolateral: lat. head of gastrocnemius and plantaris
  • Floor: post. surface of knee joint
38
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Popliteal artery and vein
  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve

Medicine 2.1 (29 decks)

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