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Medicine 2.1 > Anatomy- Elbow and Forearm > Flashcards

Anatomy- Elbow and Forearm Flashcards

1
Q

What type of joint is the elbow joint?

A

-Hinge synovial joint

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2
Q

What 3 joints share the same synovial cavity and make up the elbow joint?

A
  • Humeroulnar joint
  • Humeroradial joint
  • Proximal radioulnar joint
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3
Q

What movements can the elbow joint do?

A
  • Flexion/extension

- Proximal radioulnar joint also allows movement of hand through supination and pronation of the forearm.

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4
Q

What provides main stability of elbow joint?

A

-Main stability from bony articulations of the trochlea (humerus) and olecranon (ulna).

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5
Q

What does the humerus articulate with?

A
  • 2 forearm bones
  • Laterally: radius: rounded at capitulum
  • Medially: ulna: trochlea
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6
Q

Where are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the humerus and what are they there for?

A
  • Proximal to trochlea and capitulum

- Also sites of muscle attatchment

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7
Q

Is the ulna medial or lateral and is it smaller or larger than the radius?

A
  • Medial

- Larger than the radius

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8
Q

What is found proximally on the ulna?

A
  • Trochlear notch
  • 2 processes:
  • larger; olecranon; posterior; elbow prominence
  • smaller; coronoid process; anterior
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9
Q

Where does the humerus articulate with the ulna and how is this area created?

A
  • Trochlear notch

- The 2 processes (olecranon and coronoid) form the trochlear notch to articulate with the trochlea of the humerus.

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10
Q

What is found distally on the ulna?

A
  • Head; anterior, articulates with radius

- Styloid processes; posterior/medial, wrist ligaments

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11
Q

Is the ulna part of the wrist joint?

A

Not strictly:

  • articulates with radius at distal radioulnar joint
  • prevented from articulating with the carpal bones by a fibrocartilaginous ligament = articular disc
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12
Q

Is the radius medial or lateral?

A

Lateral

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13
Q

What can be found proximally on the radius?

A
  • Head; articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna
  • Radial tuberosity; medially, biceps attatch here
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14
Q

What can be found distally on the radius?

A
  • broad
  • articulates with ulna and proximal carpal bones
  • Styloid processes alterally; wrist ligaments attatch
  • Ulnar notch; medially
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15
Q

What forms the humeroulnar joint?

A
  • Trochlea of humerus AND

- Trochlear notch of ulna

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16
Q

Where is humeroulnar joint ?

A

Medially

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17
Q

What is the main joint of the elbow?

A

-Humeroulnar joint

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18
Q

What reinforces the humeroulnar joint?

A

Ulnar collateral ligament

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19
Q

What movements does the humeroulnar joint allow?

A
  • Flexion and extension
  • Ulnar processes limit range of movement
  • No pronation or supination
20
Q

What makes up the humeroradial joint?

A
  • Capitulum of humerus AND

- Head of radius

21
Q

Where is humeroradial joint located?

A

-Lateral

22
Q

What reinforces humeroradial joint?

A

-Reinforced by radial collateral ligament.

23
Q

What movements does the humeroradial joint allow?

A

-Supination and pronation

24
Q

What does the annular ligament do?

A

-Stabilises both humeroradial and humeroulnar joint

25
Q

What are the flexors of the arm?

A
  • Biceps brachii
  • Coracobrachialis
  • Brachialis
26
Q

What are the extensors of the arm?

A

Triceps

Anconeus

27
Q

Which areas move to allow forearm rotation?

A
  • Movements between forearm bones at radioulnar joints.
  • Around radius head to ulna styloid process.
  • Radius rotates, proximal ulna stays in place
28
Q

Where does forearm rotation occur?

A
  • Occurs below and independant of shoulder and elbow.

- Even though superior radioulnar joint cavity continous with elbow.

29
Q

Is supination or pronation more powerful?

A

Supination

30
Q

What gives forearm rotation the apparent range of 360 degrees?

A
  • Rotation of humerus

- Pectoral girdle movements

31
Q

What happens in pronation and where are the radius and ulna located in pronation?

A
  • Palm turned posteriorly
  • Proximal radius lateral to ulna
  • Distal radius medial to ulna
32
Q

What happens in supination and where are the radius and ulna located in pronation?

A
  • Palm turned anteriorly
  • Movement reversed
  • Radius lateral and paralell with ulna.
33
Q

What type of joint is the superior radioulnar joint and what is it a joint between?

A
  • Pivot joint

- Between head of radius and osseofibrous ring (radial notch of ulna and annular ligament).

34
Q

What does the radial annular ligament do?

A

-Consists of string fibres, encircles head of radius.

35
Q

What type of joint is inferior radioulnar joint and what make it up?

A
  • Pivot synovial joint
  • Between head of ulna AND
  • ulnar notch of radius
36
Q

What holds the inferior radioulnar joint together?

A
  • Articular disc

- Interosseous membrane

37
Q

What is the interosseous membrane?

A
  • Is a broad thin fibrous tissue separating bones.
  • Fibrous sheet connecting radius and ulna to form radio ulnar syndesmosis (fibrous joint between radius and ulna).
  • Divides forearm into anterior and posterior.
  • Site of attatchment for muscles of forearm.
38
Q

What happens to the interosseous membrane fibres going from pronation to supination?

A

-Fibres change from relaxed to tense in the neutral position, relax again as forearm supinates.

39
Q

What may cause disloaction/subluxation of radial head and what group of people are at high risk?

A
  • Pre school kids
  • If jerked by UL while forearm pronated
  • Tears distal attatchment of annular ligament
  • Radial head moves distally out.
40
Q

What is the treatment for disloaction/subluxation of radial head?

A

-Manipulating forearm into supination whilst elbow flexed-radial head back in place.

41
Q

What are the supinator muscles?

A
  • Biceps brachii

- Supinator

42
Q

What are the pronator muscles?

A
  • Pronator teres

- Pronator quadratus

43
Q

What is the cubital fossa important for?

A

-Important transition between arm and forearm.

44
Q

What is the triangular depression of the cubital fossa bound by?

A
  • Brachioradialis laterally

- Pronator teres medially

45
Q

What artery enters cubital fossa and what does it leave as?

A
  • Brachial artery

- Leaves as radial and ulnar arteries

46
Q

What nerves found in the cubital fossa?

A
  • Median nerve runs through

- Radial nerve laterally if brachioradialis retracted.

47
Q

How can the muscles of the forearm be categorised?

A
  • 2 layers:
  • Superficial: long muscles; humerus to hands (act on elbow and wrist), humerus to digits (act on elbow, wrist, digits)
  • Deep: arise from forearm bones and pass to digits. Crossing and acting on wrist joints and digit joints.

Medicine 2.1 (29 decks)

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