Nature of Injury In Sport Flashcards
What are some of the benefits to exercise?
- Mental health benefits
- Prevention and treatment of disease
- Social and recreational benefits
- Tend to be more aware of other factors of good health
What are the risks in sport, what sports have higher risk?
-Risks: injury, death due to nature of sport, sudden death during exercise
-Overall risk of death is low, only 1.3% accidental deaths in UK.
Injury risk is larger with over 20million sports injuries/year in UK.
-High risk sports have higher risk, usually sports involving height, water or speed.
What are the most common anatomical sites for sport injury?
- Lower leg
- Upper limb
- Head and neck
- Knee
- Chest/abdo
- Upper leg
What are macrotrauma injuries and give some examples?
Major trauma injury, characteristically sistained during sudden event/impact:
- Fractures/dislocations
- Muajor muscle, ligament and tendon injuries.
- Head and spinal injuries
- Chest and abdo injuries
What are microtrauma injuries and what may cause them to occur?
Overload injuries which will cause tissue damage, may be caused by:
- Increased participation
- Increased intensity and duration of training
- Extrinsic factors: training errors, poor technique, poor conditions, incorrect equipment)
- Intrinsic factors: anatomical and muscle imbalance
Describe the cycle of injury that tissue damage from microtrauma injuries can cause?
The tissue damage will cause inflammation and then pain.
At this point the athlete will either rest, heal and go through rehab to correct the cause of injury.
Or they will continue activity which will lead to further damage, inflammation and pain.
What may cause injury to bone?
- Direct trauma(tackle)
- Indirect trauma(twist or fall)
In what ways can bone injuries be classified?
- Open (skin is breached) -Closed (skin not breached)
- Tranvsverse
- Oblique
- Spiral
- Comminuted
- Avulsion (piece of bone attatched to tendon or ligament is torn away)
What are the clinical features of bone injury?
- Pain
- Tenderness
- Swelling
- Localised bruising
- Deformity
- Restriction of movement
How may bone injury be managed?
- Anatomical and functional reallignment
- Plaster cast or surgical stabilisation
What complications may arise in bone injuries?
- Infection (more likely in open fractures)
- Associated injury to nerve or blood vessel
- Delayed union/malunion/non-union
- DNT/pulmonary embolism (prevent with early movement)
- Acute compartment syndrome
What is acute compartment syndrome and how may it be treated?
-Secondary swelling in a muscle comparment with non-distensible fascial sheath. Gives severe pain.
Treated by fasciotomy.
What are some further problems that bone injuries could lead to?
- Immobilsation (if prolonged could lead to muscle wasting and joint stiffness.) Limit with early movement.
- Periosteal injury (uncommon)
- Soft tissue damage
- Growth plate fractures (kids): danger of interruption of obony growth eg.elbow, dital femur, tibia and fibula.
Where do we find articular cartilage and what does it do?
- Lines ends of long bones
- Absorbs shock and compressive forces, permits almost frictionless joint movment.
How would articular cartilage injury be diagnosed?
- Initial X-ray often normal
- Suspect if ‘sprain’ remains painful and swollen longer than expected.
- MRI can be used to diagnose
- Arthroscopy to confirm and remove loose fragments.
How may articular catilage injury come about and give some examples of common site?
- Usually with shearing forces such as dislocations (common sites: talus, femoral condyles, patella, humerus)
- Also associated with soft tissue injuries eg.ACL rupture
What may articular cartilage injury predispose a patient to?
-Osteoarthritis
Is healing usually good for articular cartilage injury and how can we aid this?
- Doesn’t heal fully
- Improve through:
- Perforation
- Cell transplantation
- Alteration of joint loading.
What injuries may occur to skin?
-Wounds, cuts, laceration
How may skin injuries be managed?
- Stop bleeding
- Prevent infection
- Immobilise if needed (if over moving joint)
- Check tetanus status
What may cause nerve injuries and are they common in sports?
- Uncommon
- Caused by direct blow (ulnar nerve at elbow or common peroneal at neck of fibula).
What may be symptoms of nerve injury?
- Tingling
- Numbness
- pain in distribution of nerve
What may severe neuropraxia lead to and how may this be helped?
- Paralysis and weakness of muscles innervated by nerve with assocaited sensory loss.
- Support in brace temporarily and until spontaneous resolution.
What are bursa and what is their role?
- Small fluid sacs, usually between a tendon and a bone.
- Role is to reduce friction