Anatomy- Foot and Ankle Flashcards
What bones are in the foot?
- 7 tarsals
- 5 metatarsals
- 14 phalanges
What are the 7 tarsals in the foot?
- Proximal: calcaneus and talus
- Intermediate: navicular
- Distal: cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
What joints are at the ankle?
- True ankle joint (talocrural)
- Subtalar joint (talocalcaneal)
Describe what makes the talocrural joint and its movements?
- Tibia, fibula and talus
- Hinge joint
- Allows dorsi and plantar flexion
Describe what makes up the subtalar joint and its movements?
- Talus and calcaneus
- Plane synovial joint
- Inversion and eversion
What ligaments are present at the true ankle joint?
- Medial (deltoid) ligament (4 named parts)
- Lateral ligaments (3 named parts)
What are the named parts of the medial ligaments of the true ankle joint?
- Tibiocalcaneal part
- Tibionavicular part
- Anterior tibiotalar part
- Posterior tibiotalar part
What are the named parts of the lateral ligament of the true ankle joint?
- Anterior talofibular ligament
- Calcaneofibular ligament
- Posterior talofibular ligament
What are the 3 parts of the ankle retinacula and where are they present?
- Flexor (medial)
- Extensor sup and inf (dorsal)
- Fibular sup and inf (lateral)
What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and what is a common movement?
- Tibialis anterior
- Extensor hallucis longus
- Extensor digitorum longus
- Extension at true ankle joint
What are the muscles of the lateral compatment of the leg and a common movement?
- Fibularis longus
- Fibularis berevis
- Flexion at true ankle joint and eversion at subtalar joint
What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg and what is the common movement?
-Superficial: gastrocnemius plantaris soleus -Deep: tibialis posterior flexor hallucis longus flexor digitorum longus -Flexion at true ankle joint and inversion at subtalar joint
What is the talar tunnel and where is it found?
- Passageway for tendons, nerves and vessels to travel between the posterior leg and foot
- Posteriomedial aspect of ankle
What are the borders of the talar tunnel?
- Bony floor
- Flexor retinaculum spans between medial malleus and medial tubercule of calcaneus to form roof
What are the contents of the talar tunnel?
- TOM DICK AND HARRY (ant to post)
- Tendon of tibialis posterior
- Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
- Posterior tibial artery
- Tibial nerve
- Tendon of flexor hallucis longus
What is a common pathology in the talar tunnel?
-Tibial nerve can become compressed (tarsal tunnel syndrome)
What are the foot arches important for?
- Important as foot is specialised for:
- weight bearing
- locomotion
- acts as shock absorber
- allows us to spring off ground
What arches are in the foot?
- 2 longitudinal arches (med and lat)
- Transverse arch
What forms the medial longitudinal arch?
-Formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and first 3 metatarsal bones
What forms the lateral longitudinal arch?
-Calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsal bones
What helps support the longitudinal arches?
- Ligaments, muscles, tendons
- Plantar aponeurosis and felxor hallucis longus and digitorum longus help support longitudinal arches of foot
What forms the transverse arch of the foot?
-Metatarsal bones, cuboid and the 3 cuneiforms
What helps supports the transverse foot arch?
- Plantar aponeurosis, muscles, ligaments, bones
- Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
- Plantar ligaments
- Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?
- Superomedial: semimembranosus
- Superolateral: biceps femoris
- Inferomedial: med. head of gastrocnemius
- Inferolateral: lat. head of gastrocnemius
What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
- Popliteal artery
- Popliteal vein
- Tibial nerve
- Common fibular nerve
What pierces the popliteal fossa and why?
-Small saphenous vein and passes between 2 gastrocnemius heads to drain into popliteal vein
What are the pulses of the lower limb?
- Femoral
- Popliteal
- Posterior tibial
- Dorsalis pedis
What is the system of venous drainage in the lower limb?
-2 systems:
-Deep veins (flank arteries)
-Superficial veins drain into larger deep veins:
lesser saphenous vein (drains into popliteal vein)
greter saphenous vein (drains into femoral vein)
What is the nerve supply to lower limb?
Lumbosacral plexus
3 main nerves
What causes unidirectional flow of blood in veins?
Valves
What are varicose veins?
Varicose veins are caused by increased blood pressure in the veins. Varicose veins happen in the veins near the surface of the skin (superficial). When the valves become weakened or damaged, blood can collect in the veins.
Where does the sciatic nerve originate?
-L4-S3
What are the motor functions of the sciatic nerve?
- Innervates muscles of posterior thigh and hamstring part of adductor magnus
- Indirectly innervates all muscles of leg and foot
What are the sensory functions of the sciatic nerve?
- Nothing direct
- Indirectly, skin of lateral leg, heel and both dorsal and plantar surfaces of foot
When does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into the tibial and common fibular nerve?
-At apex of popliteal fossa, into tibial and common fibular nerve
What is the motor and sensory contribution of the tibial nerve?
- Motor: muscles of post leg and some intrinsic foot muscles
- Sesnory: supplies skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and sole of foot
What is the motor and sensory contribution of the common fibular nerve?
- Motor: muscles of ant leg and remaining intrinsic foot muscles
- Sensory: skin of lateral leg and the dorsum of the foot
