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Medicine 2.1 > Anatomy- Foot and Ankle > Flashcards

Anatomy- Foot and Ankle Flashcards

1
Q

What bones are in the foot?

A
  • 7 tarsals
  • 5 metatarsals
  • 14 phalanges
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2
Q

What are the 7 tarsals in the foot?

A
  • Proximal: calcaneus and talus
  • Intermediate: navicular
  • Distal: cuboid and 3 cuneiforms
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3
Q

What joints are at the ankle?

A
  • True ankle joint (talocrural)

- Subtalar joint (talocalcaneal)

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4
Q

Describe what makes the talocrural joint and its movements?

A
  • Tibia, fibula and talus
  • Hinge joint
  • Allows dorsi and plantar flexion
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5
Q

Describe what makes up the subtalar joint and its movements?

A
  • Talus and calcaneus
  • Plane synovial joint
  • Inversion and eversion
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6
Q

What ligaments are present at the true ankle joint?

A
  • Medial (deltoid) ligament (4 named parts)

- Lateral ligaments (3 named parts)

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7
Q

What are the named parts of the medial ligaments of the true ankle joint?

A
  • Tibiocalcaneal part
  • Tibionavicular part
  • Anterior tibiotalar part
  • Posterior tibiotalar part
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8
Q

What are the named parts of the lateral ligament of the true ankle joint?

A
  • Anterior talofibular ligament
  • Calcaneofibular ligament
  • Posterior talofibular ligament
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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the ankle retinacula and where are they present?

A
  • Flexor (medial)
  • Extensor sup and inf (dorsal)
  • Fibular sup and inf (lateral)
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10
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg and what is a common movement?

A
  • Tibialis anterior
  • Extensor hallucis longus
  • Extensor digitorum longus
  • Extension at true ankle joint
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11
Q

What are the muscles of the lateral compatment of the leg and a common movement?

A
  • Fibularis longus
  • Fibularis berevis
  • Flexion at true ankle joint and eversion at subtalar joint
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12
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior compartment of the leg and what is the common movement?

A 
-Superficial:
gastrocnemius
plantaris
soleus
-Deep:
tibialis posterior
flexor hallucis longus
flexor digitorum longus
-Flexion at true ankle joint and inversion at subtalar joint
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13
Q

What is the talar tunnel and where is it found?

A
  • Passageway for tendons, nerves and vessels to travel between the posterior leg and foot
  • Posteriomedial aspect of ankle
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14
Q

What are the borders of the talar tunnel?

A
  • Bony floor

- Flexor retinaculum spans between medial malleus and medial tubercule of calcaneus to form roof

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15
Q

What are the contents of the talar tunnel?

A
  • TOM DICK AND HARRY (ant to post)
  • Tendon of tibialis posterior
  • Tendon of flexor digitorum longus
  • Posterior tibial artery
  • Tibial nerve
  • Tendon of flexor hallucis longus
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16
Q

What is a common pathology in the talar tunnel?

A

-Tibial nerve can become compressed (tarsal tunnel syndrome)

17
Q

What are the foot arches important for?

A
  • Important as foot is specialised for:
  • weight bearing
  • locomotion
  • acts as shock absorber
  • allows us to spring off ground
18
Q

What arches are in the foot?

A
  • 2 longitudinal arches (med and lat)

- Transverse arch

19
Q

What forms the medial longitudinal arch?

A

-Formed by the calcaneus, talus, navicular, 3 cuneiforms and first 3 metatarsal bones

20
Q

What forms the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

-Calcaneus, cuboid, 4th and 5th metatarsal bones

21
Q

What helps support the longitudinal arches?

A
  • Ligaments, muscles, tendons

- Plantar aponeurosis and felxor hallucis longus and digitorum longus help support longitudinal arches of foot

22
Q

What forms the transverse arch of the foot?

A

-Metatarsal bones, cuboid and the 3 cuneiforms

23
Q

What helps supports the transverse foot arch?

A
  • Plantar aponeurosis, muscles, ligaments, bones
  • Fibularis longus and tibialis posterior
  • Plantar ligaments
  • Deep transverse metatarsal ligaments
24
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Superomedial: semimembranosus
  • Superolateral: biceps femoris
  • Inferomedial: med. head of gastrocnemius
  • Inferolateral: lat. head of gastrocnemius
25
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A
  • Popliteal artery
  • Popliteal vein
  • Tibial nerve
  • Common fibular nerve
26
Q

What pierces the popliteal fossa and why?

A

-Small saphenous vein and passes between 2 gastrocnemius heads to drain into popliteal vein

27
Q

What are the pulses of the lower limb?

A
  • Femoral
  • Popliteal
  • Posterior tibial
  • Dorsalis pedis
28
Q

What is the system of venous drainage in the lower limb?

A

-2 systems:
-Deep veins (flank arteries)
-Superficial veins drain into larger deep veins:
lesser saphenous vein (drains into popliteal vein)
greter saphenous vein (drains into femoral vein)

29
Q

What is the nerve supply to lower limb?

A

Lumbosacral plexus

3 main nerves

30
Q

What causes unidirectional flow of blood in veins?

A

Valves

31
Q

What are varicose veins?

A

Varicose veins are caused by increased blood pressure in the veins. Varicose veins happen in the veins near the surface of the skin (superficial). When the valves become weakened or damaged, blood can collect in the veins.

32
Q

Where does the sciatic nerve originate?

A

-L4-S3

33
Q

What are the motor functions of the sciatic nerve?

A
  • Innervates muscles of posterior thigh and hamstring part of adductor magnus
  • Indirectly innervates all muscles of leg and foot
34
Q

What are the sensory functions of the sciatic nerve?

A
  • Nothing direct

- Indirectly, skin of lateral leg, heel and both dorsal and plantar surfaces of foot

35
Q

When does the sciatic nerve bifurcate into the tibial and common fibular nerve?

A

-At apex of popliteal fossa, into tibial and common fibular nerve

36
Q

What is the motor and sensory contribution of the tibial nerve?

A
  • Motor: muscles of post leg and some intrinsic foot muscles

- Sesnory: supplies skin of the posterolateral leg, lateral foot and sole of foot

37
Q

What is the motor and sensory contribution of the common fibular nerve?

A
  • Motor: muscles of ant leg and remaining intrinsic foot muscles
  • Sensory: skin of lateral leg and the dorsum of the foot

Medicine 2.1 (29 decks)

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