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CardioPulm Pre-Midterm > Vascular System Histology > Flashcards

Vascular System Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system is divided into:

A

systemic and peripheral circulation and pulmonary circulation

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2
Q

vasculogenesis is what?

A

development of blood vessels from the coalescence of hemangioblasts

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3
Q

Where do hemangioblasts arise from?

A

BLOOD ISLANDS

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4
Q

All major vessels form via

A

vasculogenesis

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5
Q

Angiogenesis is

A

vessel formation via branches arising from existing vessels

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6
Q

When in development does vasculogenesis begin?

A

Week 3

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7
Q

Where does vasculogenesis begin?

A

XE splanchnic mesoderm surrounding the yok sac

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8
Q

Where does vasculogenesis spread into after the XE splanchnic mesodern?

A

lateral plater mesoderm

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9
Q

Where do blood islands form first?

A

the yolk sac

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10
Q

What derm layer do blood islands come from?

A

Mesoderm

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11
Q

Blood islands form what what two cell lines

A

Vascular precursor cells (angioblasts) and hematopoietic stem cells

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12
Q

FGFR is what?

A

fetal growth factor – receptor

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13
Q

What binds to FGFR?

A

FGF2

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14
Q

FGF2 promotes what?

A

hemangioblast development

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15
Q

VEGF acts via how many blood island receptors? What are they?

A
  1. VEGF-R1 and VEGF-R2
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16
Q

VEGF-R1 is located in what cells and causes what?

A

peripheral cells; produce angioblasts which ultimately become the endothelium of blood vessels

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17
Q

VEGF-R2 is located in what cells and causes what?

A

central cells; produces hematopoietic stem cells

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18
Q

Named three major signaling pathways involved in angiogenesis

A

1) VEGF-VEGF receptor pathway
2) Notch receptor pathway
3) Tie receptor-angiopoietin (Ang) pathway

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19
Q

WHen does VEGF regulate formation of addtional vasculature via angiogenesis?

A

Following formation of vascular bed

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20
Q

What does Angiopoietin 1 (ANG1) do?

A

interacts with endothelial cell receptor TIE2

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21
Q

What does Angiopoietin 1 (ANG1) recruit during interaction with TIE2?

A

periendothelial cells to smooth muscle cells in large vessels to organize mature blood vessels

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22
Q

VEGF, Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and TGF-β do what?

A

Regulate maturation and remodeling of vasculature

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23
Q

Notch receptor pathway is induced by what?

A

VEGF

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24
Q

Notch receptor pathway specifies what to develop?

A

Arteries via expression of ephriB2 ligand

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25
Q

What gene controls vein development?

A

EPHB4 gene

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26
Q

What gene controls lymphatic vessel differentiation?

A

PROX1

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27
Q

What is the aorta-gonad-mesonephros region (AGM) and what do they eventually colonize?

A

AGM is location of where fetal hematopoietic stem cells arise. AGM eventually colonize the liver (2-7 months of development)

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28
Q

After development month 7, where does hematopoiesis move from and to?

A

Hematopoiesis moves from liver to the bone marrow

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29
Q

Tumors promote what?

A

Angiogenesis

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30
Q

What is the heart at most basic level?

A

A folded endothelial tube with thickened wall acting as a pump

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31
Q

The heart has what three layers?

A

endocardium, myocardium and epicardium

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32
Q

Endocardium is:

A

endothelial lining and subendothelial connective tissue

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33
Q

Myocardium is:

A

functional syncytium of striated cardiac muscle fibers forming three types of cardiac muscle

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34
Q

Epicardium is:

A

visceral layer of the pericardium, low-friction surface lined by mesothelium in contact with the parietal pericardial space

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35
Q

Cardiac cell types:

A

contractile, myoendocrine, nodal

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36
Q

contractile cells do what?

A

contract to move blood

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37
Q

myoendocrine cells do what?

A

produce atrial natriuretic factor that stimulates diuresis and excretion of sodium in urine by increasing glomerular filtration rate and reduces blood volume

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38
Q

nodal cells do what?

A

regulates contraction of the heart at the sinoatrial node & atrioventricular node

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39
Q

Arteries are organized into what three major layers?

A

Tunica intima (inner most layer), tunica media, tunica externa/adventitia (outer most layer)

40
Q

Arteries are categorized into what three major types?

A

large elastic (conducting) arteries, medium muscular arteries and small arteries and arterioles

41
Q

large elastic (conducting) arteries do what?

A

Receive blood from the heart under high pressure and keep blood circulating continuously while the heart is pumping intermittently

42
Q

large elastic (conducting) arteries have tunica media that is what kind of French window?

A

Fenestrated = hole

43
Q

Examples of large elastic arteries:

A

aorta and largest branches: brachiocephalic, common carotid, subclavian and common iliac arteries

44
Q

What doe medium muscular arteries do?

A

Allow selective distribution of blood to different organs in response to functional needs (3 mm diameter).

45
Q

The tunica media of medium muscular artiers has reduced or increased elastic components?

A

Reduced

46
Q

The tunica media of medium muscular artiers has reduced or increased smooth muscle fibers?

A

Increased

47
Q

Examples of medium muscular arteries:

A

Radial, tibial, popliteal, axillary, splenic, mesenteric and intercostal arteries

48
Q

Arterioles/Resistance vessels do what?

A

Are the resistance vessels and are the major determinants of systemic blood pressure. Final branches of arterial system. Regulate distribution of blood to different capillary bed by vasoconstriction/dilation

49
Q

Arterioles have what type of smooth muscle?

A

Circularly arranged smooth muscle

50
Q

Arterioles are lined by what type of cell?

A

Squamous endothelial cells with smooth muscle in the wall

51
Q

Microvascular bed of a tissue is:

A

capillaries, arterioles and post capillary venules

52
Q

Where does microcirculation occur?

A

the microvascular bed

53
Q

Capillary bed contains:

A

slightly larger capillaries (preferential/thoroughfare channels) and small capillaries (true capillaries)

54
Q

How many capillaries are found in the capillary bed?

A

10-100 capillaries functioning together

55
Q

Blood flow is _______ at thoroughfare channels

A

continuous

56
Q

Blood flow is _______ at true capillaries

A

intermittent

57
Q

What is the functional unit of the cardiovascular system?

A

Capillaries

58
Q

Capillaries consist of what layers?

A

Tunica intima and endothelium only

59
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

continuous, fenestrated and sinusoid

60
Q

continuous capillaries are:

A

lined w/ epithelium with tight junctions and basal lamina with pericytes. These capillaries keep RBCs IN.

61
Q

fenestrated capillaries are:

A

have pores or fenestrae (GI & kidney). These allow some exchange.

62
Q

sinusoid capillaries are:

A

discontinuous. Have an incomplete endothelial lining and basal lamina. Many gaps and holes between and within the endothelial cells (liver and spleen).

63
Q

Where does the venous system start?

A

at end of capillary bed

64
Q

Post capillary venules are preferred site of migration of what?

A

Blood cells INTO tissues via diapedesis

65
Q

Vein have relatively ____ walls compared to arteries of same diameter

A

thin

66
Q

Vein have _____ distensibility (compliant). Volume of blood within veins relative to volume of vein is _____.

A

high/large

67
Q

What distinguishing structure do veins have and what does this structure do?

A

Veins have valves. Valves prevent blood reflux

68
Q

Vasculitis is what?

A

inflammation of blood vessels

69
Q

Vasculitis causes what?

A

thickening, weakening, narrowing and scaring of blood vessels

70
Q

Three main medium sized blood vessel disorders are:

A

Buerger’s disease, Plyarteritis nodosa, Kawasaki’s disease

71
Q

Buerger’s disease is:

A

chronic inflammatory infiltration of the arterial wall and thrombus in vascular lumen

72
Q

Polyarteritis nodosa is:

A

Perivascular chronic inflammatory rxn, fibrinoid necrosis of the tunica intima predisposes to thrombosis, macrophages invade necrotic tunica intima resulting in breakdown of the internal elastic lamina.

73
Q

Small vessel disorders:

A

wegener’s granuloma, churg-strauss syndrome, Henoch-schonlein pupura

74
Q

Lymphatic capillaries are NOT found in what:

A

cartilage, bone, epithelia, CNS and placenta

75
Q

What does the lymphatic system do?

A

conduct immune cells and lymph to lymph nodes, b. Remove excess fluid accumulated in interstitial spaces, c. Transport chylomicrons, lipid-containing particles, through lacteal lymphatic vessels inside the intestinal villi

76
Q

What do lymphatic capillary walls lack?

A

Complete basal lamina. Endothelium only

77
Q

List the two forms of lymphatic drainage

A

Intrinsic and Extrinsic

78
Q

Intrinsic lymphatic drainage is:

A

Smooth muscle (Lymphangions ) of lymphatic wall contracts

79
Q

Lymphangions behave as what?

A

automatic pump

80
Q

Lymphatic vessel segments are separated by what?

A

valves

81
Q

Extrinsic lymphatic drainage is:

A

External contraction of the surrounding muscles during exercise, arterial pulsations and compression of tissues forces move the lymph and cause pumping action.

82
Q

edema is what?

A

accumulation of excess lymphatic fluid within the tissue space.

83
Q

List three edema disorders:

A

Lymphedema, Filariasis/elephantiasis, chylous ascites/chylothorax

84
Q

Lymphedema

A

caused by defect in transport of lymph due to abnormal vessel development or damaged lymphatics

85
Q

Filariasis

A

parasitic infection of lymphatic vessels by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia malayi worms. Transmitted by mosquitos. Causes damage to lymphatic vessels with chronic lymphedema of legs and genitals. Tropical countries.

86
Q

chylous ascites/chylothorax

A

accumulation of high fat containing fluid/chyle, in abdomen or thorax as a result of trauma, obstruction or abnormal development of lymphatic vessels.

87
Q

What do endothelial cells produce?

A

vasoactive substances able to induce contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle vascular wall

88
Q

Two vaso relaxation substrates:

A

Nitric oxide and Prostacyclin

89
Q

Prostacyclin prevents what?

A

Platelet adhesion and clumping (no blood clots)

90
Q

Endothelin 1 is what?

A

A very potent vasoconstrictor peptide

91
Q

what is more permeable, venous end cells or arterial end cells?

A

Venous end cells

92
Q

Atherosclerosis is a thickening and hardening of artery walls due to plaque build-up in what artery layer?

A

tunica intima

93
Q

Atherosclerosis is not seen in _____?

A

Veins

94
Q

Atherosclerosis causes what?

A

myocardial infarction, stroke and ischemic gangrene

95
Q

Atherosclerosis is categorized as what kind of disease?

A

chronic inflammatory disease

96
Q

Atherosclerosis correlates with serum levels of what?

A

cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein

CardioPulm Pre-Midterm (14 decks)

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