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CardioPulm Pre-Midterm > Autonomic Nervous System > Flashcards

Autonomic Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Pathway of a typical reflex arc is:

A

AP from periphery → afferent neuron → dorsal root of spinal cord → ventral root of spinal cord → efferent neuron (motoneuron) → AP to periphery

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2
Q

Nociceptors are what kind of receptors?

A

Pain receptors

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3
Q

Smooth muscle does or does not have motorneurons?

A

Does not

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System reflexes happen within what regions of the brain?

A

Lower regions (brainstem, hypothalamus)

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5
Q

The ANS is used to control what part of the body?

A

The viscera - the autonomic system

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6
Q

Sensory information travels along a what and goes to where?

A

Afferent neuron to the CNS

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7
Q

The efferent side of the ANS relays messages to what?

A

Effectors

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8
Q

What are effectors for the ANS?

A

Smooth muscle, glands

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9
Q

What are not effectors for the ANS?

A

Skeletal muscle

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10
Q

What are the two divisions of the ANS?

A

The sympathetic and parasympathetic system

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11
Q

The sympathetic division does:

A

fight or flight

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12
Q

The parasympathetic division does:

A

rest and digest

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13
Q

The ANS always has how many neurons in its pathway to an effector?

A

Two

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14
Q

The ANS always has how many synapses in its pathway to an effector?

A

Two

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15
Q

The first neuron in the ANS pathway is called the what?

A

Pre-ganglionic neuron

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16
Q

Where does the pre-ganglionic neuron start?

A

The CNS

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17
Q

Map the pathway of a pre-ganglionic neuron:

A

CNS. Leaves CNS. Travels to ganglion. Synapses on second neuron in pathway.

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18
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

Cluster of neuronal cell bodies. Is the location where the pre-ganglionic axon synapses on the post-ganglionic neuron.

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19
Q

Where does the post-ganglionic neuron travel after the ganglion?

A

To the target organ to synapse all over it

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20
Q

What are three ways of distinguishing between parasympathetic and sympathetic systems?

A

Where the pre-ganglion leaves the CNS, the location of the ganglion and the lengths of the pre and post ganglionic axons

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21
Q

Where do the parasympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

A

from the cranial and sacral divisions of the CNS

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22
Q

Where is the parasympathetic ganglion located?

A

In or on the target tissue

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23
Q

If the parasympathetic ganglion is located in or on the target tissue, then the parasympathetic PRE-ganglionic axon must be: short or long?

A

LONG

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24
Q

If the parasympathetic ganglion is located in or on the target tissue, then the parasympathetic POST-ganglionic axon must be: short or long?

A

SHORT

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25
Q

Where do the sympathetic pre-ganglionic axons leave the CNS?

A

thoracic and lumbar divisions of the CNS

26
Q

What is PLS?

A

PLS = Parasympathetic, long then short

27
Q

Where is the sympathetic ganglion?

A

Either: the sympathetic chain (paravertebral) OR the mesenteric OR the celiac ganglia

28
Q

If the sympathetic ganglion is located so close to the vertebral column, then the sympathetic PRE-ganglionic axon must be: short or long?

A

SHORT

29
Q

If the sympathetic ganglion is located so close to the vertebral column, then the sympathetic POST-ganglionic axon travel a short or long distance to its target tissue?

A

LONG

30
Q

What is SSL?

A

Sympathetic, Short, Long

31
Q

What is the NT from the parasympathetic pre-ganglion?

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

Acetylcholine binds to what receptor in post-synaptic parasympathetic ganglia?

A

nicotinic acetylcholine receptors

33
Q

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors allow what ion to pass through? This results in IPSP or EPSP in the post-synaptic ganglioc cell?

A

Sodium and EPSPs. Producing an AP

34
Q

ANS nerves have what kind of junctions that differ from skeletal muscle junctions?

A

Varicosities

35
Q

If I was a varicosity on the pre-synaptic, parasympathetic axon, I would have what NT inside me?

A

Acetylcholine

36
Q

How much NT leakage into systemic circulation do we have with varicosities in the ANS?

A

Substantial

37
Q

What kind of acetlycholine receptor is found on the effector cell following the post-synaptic neuron?

A

Muscarinic acetlycholine receptors

38
Q

Muscarinic acetlycholine receptors differ from nicotinic acetylcholine receptors how?

A

mAchRs are serpentine receptors or G-protein coupled receptors

39
Q

Muscarinic receptor 2 (M2) is where and does what?

A

M2 is a cardiac receptor and is Gi-coupled, which means it decreases cAMP concentration, which in turn increases K+ conductance (K+ out)

40
Q

Muscarinic receptor 3 (M3) is where and does what?

A

M3: (widely distributed in body): Gq coupled, which means it produces IP3 and DAG which ultimately increases intracellular Ca++

41
Q

Muscarinic receptor 4 (M4) are where and do what?

A

M4 (autoreceptors on neurons): Gi-coupled -decrease

cAMP which leads to a decrease Ach release

42
Q

What NT is released by pre-ganglionic fiber in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

43
Q

What NT is released by POST-ganglionic fiber in sympathetic nervous system?

A

Norepinephrine = adrenaline

44
Q

How many receptor types are there for norepinephrine?

A

Two types, alpha-adrenergic (with several subdivisions) and beta-adrenergic receptors (with three subdivisions)

45
Q

α-adrenergic receptors have a higher or lower affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine

A

Higher affinity for norepinephrine

46
Q

β-adrenergic receptors have a higher or lower affinity for norepinephrine than epinephrine

A

Higher affinity for epinephrine

47
Q

Where is epinephrine produced?

A

Within the chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla

48
Q

Chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla secrete epinephrine in response to what NT from what system (parasympathetic or sympathetic)?

A

acetylcholine from sympathetic signaling

49
Q

The Radial muscle (iris) has what receptor?

A

α-adrenergic (contracts muscle to dilate pupils)

50
Q

The Ciliary muscle (lens) has what receptor?

A

β2-adrenergic (relaxes muscle flattens lens = allow distant vision)

51
Q

The heart has what kind of receptor?

A

β2-adrenergic (increases strength/rate of contraction)

52
Q

In general, α receptors cause contraction of vascular

smooth muscle and lead to vasoconstriction, true or false

A

True

53
Q

In general, β receptors cause relaxation of vascular

smooth muscle and lead to vasodilation, true or false

A

True

54
Q

Bronchial SM has what receptors which increase or decrease bronchodilation?

A

β2-adrenergic receptors to relax the SM and allow more air intake. Causes bronchodilation

55
Q

Bronchial glands have what receptors which increase or decrease mucal secretions?

A

β2-adrenergic receptors which increase secretions and increase humidified air intake

56
Q

The sphincters in the GI tract have what receptors in order to increase sphincter tone?

A

Alpha-1 adrenergics

57
Q

The liver has what receptors in order to increase glucose release?

A

alpha 1 and beta-2 adrenergics

58
Q

Adipose tissue has what receptors in order to increase free fatty acide release?

A

alpha-1, beta-1, and beta-3 adrenergics

59
Q

If no effect is seen in parasympathetics this is because we:

A

don’t have parasympathetic receptors there

60
Q

Action of parasympathetic system is signaled through what receptors?

A

muscarinic acetlycholine receptors

CardioPulm Pre-Midterm (14 decks)

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