Cardiology - Olinger

Question 1

what are the layers of the heart

Answer 1

1. Epicardium (outermost, made up of visceral serous pericardium)
2. Myocardium (thick muscular, cardiac muscle)
3. Endocardium (thin internal endothelial and subendothelial layer)

Question 2

What is the function of the fibrous skeleton of the heart (dense collagenous fibers)

Answer 2

produce attachment points for the myocardium, valves of the cuspid; support and strengths AV and semilunar orifices; provides an electrically insulated barrier between the atria and ventricles.

Question 3

What is the ligamentum arteriosum.

Answer 3

Embryological remnant of the Ductus arteriosus, communication between the pulmonary trunk and the arch of the aorta.

Question 4

What external vertical groove correspond with the internal crista terminalis?

Answer 4

Sulcus Terminalis

Question 5

Name the distinguishable features of the right atrium

Answer 5

1. Sinus venarum (post. sm. thin walled region where Vena Cava and coronary sinus empty)
2. Pectinate Muscle (ant. rough muscular wall.
3. Crista Terminalis (internal ridge separating smooth and rough regions)
4. Interatrial septum
5. Fossa Ovalis (embryonic remnant of the foramen ovalis)

Question 6

CN: what is atrial septal defect?

Answer 6

incomplete closure of the foramen ovale.

Question 7

Name the distinguishable features of the right ventricle.

Answer 7

1. Tricuspid valve
2. Travecula carnae (rough muscular region)
3. Conus arteriosus (smooth walled, leads into the pul. trunk)
4. Pulmonary valve

Question 8

What muscles do the chordae tendonae attach to?

Answer 8

Papillary muscles

Question 9

Where is the septomarginal traveculum (moderator band) located?

Answer 9

Trabecula carnae of the right ventricle.

Question 10

Fill in the blanks.
CN: Cardiac catheterization: insertion of a catheter into the ____1_____ vein which is then passed up to the IVC allowing radiographic visualization of the ___2____, ____3____, ____4____, and ___5____.

Answer 10

1. Femoral
2. right atrium
3. right ventricle
4. pulmonary trunk
5. pulmonary arteries

Question 11

Where are you likely to find the musculi pectinati?

Answer 11

Left auricle over the left atrium

Question 12

Name the distinguishable features of the left ventricle

Answer 12

1. Bicuspid valve
2. Travecula carnae (rough muscular region)
3. Aortic vestibule (smooth walled, leads to ascending aorta)
4. Interventricular septum (contains the AV bundle, R and L bundle branches and subendocardial branches)

Question 13

CN: This type of defect allow the mixture of oxygen rich and oxygen depleted blood. Defect is due to he embryologically divergent tissues that make up the IV septum.

Answer 13

Ventricular septal defects.

Question 14

CN: When putting in an artificial cardiac pacemaker, where is the electrodes inserted?

Answer 14

Endocardium of the travecula carnae of the right ventricle

Question 15

CN: during atrial fibrillation, how is blood circulation effected?

Answer 15

circulation usually remains satisfactory

Question 16

CN: during ventricular fibrillation, how is heart functions effected?

Answer 16

Heart is unable to pump blood. Pt needs to be defibrillated ASAP.

Question 17

CN: during cardiac ischemia, which nerve is stimulated carrying referred pain?

Answer 17

Mainly left medial brachial cutaneous nerve.

Question 18

CN: what is the significance of the transverse pericardial sinus?

Answer 18

This space allows surgeons to access the area posterior to the aorta and pulmonary trunks to clamp tubes of a bypass machine.

Question 19

CN: what is the clinical significance and consequence of untreated pericarditis?

Answer 19

inflammation of the pericardium, can make the pericardium rough and produce friction. If left untreated the pericardium can calcify.

Question 20

CN: What is cardiac tamponade and what can cause it?

Answer 20

heart compression. Can be dude to pericardial effusion

Question 21

CN: what procedure can relieve cardiac temponade

Answer 21

pericardiocentesis