Vascular pathology

Question 1

Arteriosclerosis

Answer 1

Hardening of the arteries
Chronic arterial change with loss of elasticity and narrowing of lumen
Assoc. with hypertension

Question 2

How do animals develop Arteriosclerosis

Answer 2

Proliferative and degenerative changes in the intima (thickening) and media (smooth m. cell proliferation)

Question 3

Intimal fibrosis

Answer 3

Older lesions develop thickened superficial plaques of layers of elastic tissue and collagen

Question 4

Arteriosclerosis is common in ….

Answer 4

Domestic animals with ↑ age

Question 5

Atherosclerosis

Answer 5

Fibrofatty intimal plaques
Endothelial injury associated with hyperlipidemia
Common in rabbits, chickens and pigs

Question 6

Risk factos for atherosclerosis

Answer 6

Hypertension, smoking, obesity, inactivity, diabetes mellitus and hypothyroidism
(DM and H most assoc. in dogs)

Question 7

What is common with Atherosclerosis?

Answer 7

Medial calcification

Question 8

Foam cells

Answer 8

Lipid-laden macrophages or myocytes

Question 9

Verminous arteritis

Answer 9

Ichemic infarctions in diffrent arteries caused by parasites

Question 10

Verminous arteritis in horses

Answer 10

Strongylus vulgaris larvae migration - cranial mesenteric artery
Can cause saddle thrombosis

Question 11

Verminous arteritis in dogs

Answer 11

Spricocera lupi larvae migration- thoracic aorta
Dirofilaria immitis- pulmonary artery
Angiostrongylus vasorum- pulmonary artery (foxes too)

Question 12

Spirocera lupi aortic granuloma

Answer 12

Aorta and GI parasite in dogs
Produces lesions in the esophagus
Causes neoplastic transformation → causing fibrosarcoma and osteosarcoma

Question 13

What does dirafilariasis (heartworms) cause

Answer 13

Causes endarteritis of the pulmonary artery
Fibrous and villous proliferation of intima
Small plaque like lesions + microfilaria

Question 14

Verminous arteritis in a cat

Answer 14

With cardiomyopathy → thrombosis in the left atrium breaks off (then emboli) → hindlimb ataxia/ paralysis

Question 15

Bacterial induced vasculitis

Answer 15

Catheterization-associated phlebitis
Caused by omphalophlebitis in neonates, edema disease and heartwater disease

Question 16

Omphalophlebitis in neonates

Answer 16

Navel ill- inflammation/ infection of the umbilical vein
Caused by E. coli and Actinobacillus equuli

Question 17

What is secondary to navel ill?

Answer 17

Sepsis aka Joint ill

Question 18

Edema disease

Answer 18

Caused by Shigatoxin producing E. coli
Causes endothelial swelling and small vessel fibrinoid necrosis

Question 19

Heartwater disease

Answer 19

Cowdrosis
E. (cowdris) ruminatum- Rickettsial organism
Foreign animal disease

Question 20

What causes viral induced vasculitis

Answer 20

Equine viral arteritis (Arterivirus)
Classical swine fever (Hog cholera/ Pestiviris)
Malignant catarrhal fever (ovine herpesvirus 2)
African horse sickness (orbivirus )

Question 21

Equine viral arteritis (arteritis)

Answer 21

Panvasculitis
Widespread edema (in ventral limbs)

Question 22

Classical swine fever (Pertivirus/ hog cholera)

Answer 22

Thickening of fibrinoid necrosis of arterioles
SQ hemorrhage, splenic infarcts, button ulcers

Question 23

Malignant catarrhal fever (ovine herpesvirus 2)

Answer 23

Lymphocytic vasculitis and perivasculitis

Question 24

African horse sickness (orbivirus)

Answer 24

Endothelial loss and degeneration and microthrombosis
Widespread and pulmonary edema
Cardiac ecchymoses

Question 25

Polyarteritis nodosa

Answer 25

Rats
Unknown cause = dilatation and thickening of muscular arteries (mesenteric)

Question 26

Idiopathic necrotizing polyarteritis

Answer 26

Beagle Pain syndrome
Coronary and meningeal arteries affected
Similar to polyarteritis nodosa

Question 27

Lymphangiectasia

Answer 27

Idiopathic, obstruction
Protein-losing enteripathy common with Johne’s disease

Question 28

Chylothorax

Answer 28

Ruptured thoracic duct
Idiopathic, trauma
Cats and dogs

Question 29

Causes of edema

Answer 29

↑ hydrostatic pressure (passive congestion, hypertension)
↓ oncotic pressure
Lymphatic obstruction
Inflammation
Vasculopathies