Congenital Malformations

Question 1

Cardiovascular malformations

Answer 1

Anomalies or malformations of heart or BVs (10% of heart diseases)
Most compatible with intrauterine life

Question 2

Defects of cardiovascular malformations

Answer 2

Extreme: die in utero
Intermediate: develop heart failure during life
Mild: no CS

Question 3

Causes of cardiovascular malformations

Answer 3

Genetic
Chemical and drugs
Toxins
Nutritional deficiencies
Prenatal radiation

Question 4

Cardiovascular malformations in dogs

Answer 4

Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Persistant Right Aortic Arch
Pulmonic Stenosis
Subaortic stenosis

Question 5

Cardiovascular malformations in cats

Answer 5

Endocardial cushion defects (atrioventrical septal defects)
AV valvular dysplasia (mitral malformation)
Septal defects

Question 6

Cardiovascular malformations in cow

Answer 6

Atrial Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal defect
Transposition of Great vessels
Valvular hematomas

Question 7

Cardiovascular malformations in pigs

Answer 7

Endocardial cushion defects
Subaortic stenosis

Question 8

Atrial septal defect

Answer 8

Boxers, Dobermans, Samoyes
3 types: Ostium primum, Ostium secundum (mid to upper interatrial septum)**, sinus venosus defect

Question 9

Atrial septal defect development

Answer 9

Large defect → flow from left to right → ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension
Right to left → cyanosis

Question 10

Ventricular septal defect

Answer 10

Membranous (high)** or muscular (low) interventricular septum
Allows shunting of blood between ventricles

Question 11

What dog breeds are most affected by ventricular septal defect?

Answer 11

English bull dog, husky, springer spaniel, white terrier

Question 12

Eisenmenger Syndrome

Answer 12

Defects cause the direction of blood flow to reverse to right to left shunting
Ventricular septal defect most common

Question 13

Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 13

Inherited (polygenic) in poodle family
Greater in females
Abnormal communication between aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 14

Effects of Patent Ductus Arteriosus

Answer 14

Continuous “machinery” murmur
Larger patencies (r. or l. sided failure)

Question 15

Persistent Right aortic arch

Answer 15

Right 4th arch persists
Trachea and esophagus displaced to the left and encircled by aortic arch, pulm. artery, base of heart, ligamentum arteriosus

Question 16

CS of persistent right aortic arch

Answer 16

Dysphagia (dilation of esophagus)
Regurgitation of solid food (aspiration pneumonia)
Malnutrition

Question 17

Breed predisposition of persistent right aortic arch

Answer 17

German Shepherds*
Irish Setters and Boston Terriers

Question 18

Pulmonic Stenosis anatomic locations

Answer 18

Supravalvular
Valvular (most common)
Subvalvular

Question 19

Breeds commonly affected by pulmonic stenosis

Answer 19

Inherited in english bull dog, beagles, chihuahua

Question 20

CS of pulmonic stenosis

Answer 20

RV hypertrophy (concentric)
CHF
Post-stenotic dilation of pulmonary artery
Systolic murmur

Question 21

Aortic Stenosis

Answer 21

Subvavular most common
Assoc with endocardiosis of the left AV valve
CS: LV hypertrophy and CHF

Question 22

Which breeds are predisposed to aortic stenosis

Answer 22

Newfoundland, boxer, german shepherds (inherited/ polygenic trait)

Question 23

Transposition of great vessels

Answer 23

Overriding aorta
Partial transpositition
Overriding pulmonary artery
Complete transposition

Question 24

Overriding aorta

Answer 24

Aorta over septum
Pulmonary artery exits from RV

Question 25

Partial transposition

Answer 25

Aorta and pulmonary artery exit from the RV

Question 26

Overriding pulmonary artery

Answer 26

Aorta exits from RV
Pulmonary artery straddles ventricular septum

Question 27

Complete transposition

Answer 27

Aorta exits from RV
Pulmonary artery from LV

Question 28

Tetralogy of fallot

Answer 28

Hypoplasia and malposition of the conotruncal septum, embryologically
CS: cyanosis

Question 29

4 major anomalies with tetralogy of fallot

Answer 29

Pulmonic stenosis
High ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
RV hypertrophy

Question 30

Animals afffected by tetralogy of fallot

Answer 30

Dogs (keeshonds), cats, horses and cattle

Question 31

Congenital Endocardial Fibroeleastosis

Answer 31

Endocardium thickened by layers of fibrous and elastic tissue (white to silvery glistening appearance)
Involves left atrium and ventricle to level of aortic valve

Question 32

Lesions of congenital endocardial fibroelastosis

Answer 32

LV and RV hypertrophy
Left atrial dilation
Degeneration of purkinje fibers
Necrosis/ calcification of papillary muscle

Question 33

Animals affects by congenital endocardial fibroelastosis

Answer 33

Cats: Burmese and Siamese breeds
(first weeks of life → heart failure)

Question 34

Congenital Hematomas

Answer 34

Valvular Hematomas or Valvular Hematocysts
Blood filled cysts lined by endothelium
AV valves of young ruminants
Regresses after several months

Question 35

Ectopia Cordis

Answer 35

Congenital development outside of the thoracic cavity
Rare: heart in abdominal location
Animals grow norm., vulnerable to injury

Question 36

Ectopia cordis thoracis

Answer 36

Heart in SQ tissue in the thorax

Question 37

Ectopia cordis cervicalis

Answer 37

Heart in the SQ tissue in the neck region (most common location in cattle

Question 38

Coarctation of the Aorta

Answer 38

Narrowing of the aorta (@ ligamentum arteriosum)
Substenotic dilation
LV overload leading to CHF
Dogs

Question 39

CS of coarctation of the aorta

Answer 39

Weak femoral pulse and strong jugular pulse