Congenital Malformations Flashcards
Cardiovascular malformations
Anomalies or malformations of heart or BVs (10% of heart diseases)
Most compatible with intrauterine life
Defects of cardiovascular malformations
Extreme: die in utero
Intermediate: develop heart failure during life
Mild: no CS
Causes of cardiovascular malformations
Genetic
Chemical and drugs
Toxins
Nutritional deficiencies
Prenatal radiation
Cardiovascular malformations in dogs
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Persistant Right Aortic Arch
Pulmonic Stenosis
Subaortic stenosis
Cardiovascular malformations in cats
Endocardial cushion defects (atrioventrical septal defects)
AV valvular dysplasia (mitral malformation)
Septal defects
Cardiovascular malformations in cow
Atrial Septal Defect
Ventricular Septal defect
Transposition of Great vessels
Valvular hematomas
Cardiovascular malformations in pigs
Endocardial cushion defects
Subaortic stenosis
Atrial septal defect
Boxers, Dobermans, Samoyes
3 types: Ostium primum, Ostium secundum (mid to upper interatrial septum)**, sinus venosus defect
Atrial septal defect development
Large defect → flow from left to right → ventricular hypertrophy and pulmonary hypertension
Right to left → cyanosis
Ventricular septal defect
Membranous (high)** or muscular (low) interventricular septum
Allows shunting of blood between ventricles
What dog breeds are most affected by ventricular septal defect?
English bull dog, husky, springer spaniel, white terrier
Eisenmenger Syndrome
Defects cause the direction of blood flow to reverse to right to left shunting
Ventricular septal defect most common
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Inherited (polygenic) in poodle family
Greater in females
Abnormal communication between aorta and pulmonary artery
Effects of Patent Ductus Arteriosus
Continuous “machinery” murmur
Larger patencies (r. or l. sided failure)
Persistent Right aortic arch
Right 4th arch persists
Trachea and esophagus displaced to the left and encircled by aortic arch, pulm. artery, base of heart, ligamentum arteriosus
CS of persistent right aortic arch
Dysphagia (dilation of esophagus)
Regurgitation of solid food (aspiration pneumonia)
Malnutrition
Breed predisposition of persistent right aortic arch
German Shepherds*
Irish Setters and Boston Terriers
Pulmonic Stenosis anatomic locations
Supravalvular
Valvular (most common)
Subvalvular
Breeds commonly affected by pulmonic stenosis
Inherited in english bull dog, beagles, chihuahua
CS of pulmonic stenosis
RV hypertrophy (concentric)
CHF
Post-stenotic dilation of pulmonary artery
Systolic murmur
Aortic Stenosis
Subvavular most common
Assoc with endocardiosis of the left AV valve
CS: LV hypertrophy and CHF
Which breeds are predisposed to aortic stenosis
Newfoundland, boxer, german shepherds (inherited/ polygenic trait)
Transposition of great vessels
Overriding aorta
Partial transpositition
Overriding pulmonary artery
Complete transposition
Overriding aorta
Aorta over septum
Pulmonary artery exits from RV
Partial transposition
Aorta and pulmonary artery exit from the RV
Overriding pulmonary artery
Aorta exits from RV
Pulmonary artery straddles ventricular septum
Complete transposition
Aorta exits from RV
Pulmonary artery from LV
Tetralogy of fallot
Hypoplasia and malposition of the conotruncal septum, embryologically
CS: cyanosis
4 major anomalies with tetralogy of fallot
Pulmonic stenosis
High ventricular septal defect
Overriding aorta
RV hypertrophy
Animals afffected by tetralogy of fallot
Dogs (keeshonds), cats, horses and cattle
Congenital Endocardial Fibroeleastosis
Endocardium thickened by layers of fibrous and elastic tissue (white to silvery glistening appearance)
Involves left atrium and ventricle to level of aortic valve
Lesions of congenital endocardial fibroelastosis
LV and RV hypertrophy
Left atrial dilation
Degeneration of purkinje fibers
Necrosis/ calcification of papillary muscle
Animals affects by congenital endocardial fibroelastosis
Cats: Burmese and Siamese breeds
(first weeks of life → heart failure)
Congenital Hematomas
Valvular Hematomas or Valvular Hematocysts
Blood filled cysts lined by endothelium
AV valves of young ruminants
Regresses after several months
Ectopia Cordis
Congenital development outside of the thoracic cavity
Rare: heart in abdominal location
Animals grow norm., vulnerable to injury
Ectopia cordis thoracis
Heart in SQ tissue in the thorax
Ectopia cordis cervicalis
Heart in the SQ tissue in the neck region (most common location in cattle
Coarctation of the Aorta
Narrowing of the aorta (@ ligamentum arteriosum)
Substenotic dilation
LV overload leading to CHF
Dogs
CS of coarctation of the aorta
Weak femoral pulse and strong jugular pulse
