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1. Clin Path/ pathology > Exam 3 > Flashcards

Exam 3 Flashcards

1
Q

A serum chemistry profile in a horse with colic shows an elevated serum creatinine level. Elevation due to dehydration. What other clinicopathologic finding would confirm this?

A

High urine specific gravity

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2
Q

Measurement of serum levels of BUN, creatinine, phosphorus and albumin is used to detect

A

renal glomerular damage

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3
Q

Which clinicopathologic abnormality is least likely to be found in a dog with advanced renal disease>

A

Increased serum calcium level

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4
Q

Which method is least appropriate for urine collection?

A

Aspiration of urine form the cage floor or litterbox

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5
Q

In which patient should cystocentesis not be performed?

A

Adult male cat with disease of the bladder wall

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6
Q

A urine specimen with a fruity odor is most likely to contain

A

Acetone

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7
Q

Specific gravity reading consistent with isotheruria is

A

1.008-1.012

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8
Q

Normal Ph of canine and feline urine

A

7 or less

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9
Q

Squamous epithelial cells found in urine sample usually originate from

A

Genital tract

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10
Q

Transitional epithelial cells found in urine may originate from all of the following sites EXCEPT

A

Renal tubules (cuboidal)

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11
Q

White blood cell casts

A

Disease of the kidney

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12
Q

Cystine crystals in urine of

A

Male Dachshunds

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13
Q

In a horse with suspected exertional myopathy, , the red brown urine is positive for occult blood and protein using a dipstick test. which additional piece of information supports the diagnosis of myoglobinuria and not hemoglobinuria

A

There’s an increase in serum creatine kinase activity

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14
Q

Urine of horses is normally thick and cloudy, due to?

A

Mucus and crystals

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15
Q

Proteinuria found in animals with

A

A fever

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16
Q

Bilirubin in dogs

A

Found in large quantities with cholestatic disease

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17
Q

Urine collected by cystocentesis, any of these substance will normally be found EXCEPT

A

BACTERIA

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18
Q

When present in urine, Bence-Jones protein most easily detected by

A

Sulfosalicyclic acid test

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19
Q

Which test most useful in detecting renal tubular dysfunction

A

Fractional sodium excretion

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20
Q

Which type of cast is least significant when found in urine

A

Hyaline

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21
Q

Prerenal azotemia accompanied by concurrent increase in

A

Urine specific gravity

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22
Q

What proportion of renal parenchyma must become dysfunctional before renal azotemia is evident

A

3/4

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23
Q

Which species can resorb most of the urea that passes from the blood, through the bowel mucosa and into the GI tract for protein synthesis?

A

Cattle

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24
Q

Reduced glomerular filtration can cause

A

Azotemia

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25
Q

In dogs, the best way to determine significant portein loss from the kidneys is to

A

Determine the ratio of urine protein concentration to urine creatine concentration in a single urine sample

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26
Q

A female dog was admitted to your clinic with a history of stranguria. the urinary bladder was full of the urine and could not be expressed when gentle pressure was put on the bladder. based on the clinical and physical signs, the radio graphic findings below and your knowledge of kidney function, the expected clinical pathologic picture in the affected dog would be?

A

increase serum urea nitrogen and potassium levels, with increased urine specific gravity

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27
Q

A water deprivation test to evaluate the ability to concentrate urine is contraindicated in an animals that’s

A

Azotemic

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28
Q

Which drug is used to test the response to antidiuretic hormone

A

Vasopressin

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29
Q

When forming A urinalysis with the standard dipstick reagent pads for heme pigments, a positive color test indicates

A

Intact erythrocytes, free Hb, and free myoglobin

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30
Q

Which of the following substances is used to determine renal plasma flow

A

Para-amino hippuric acid

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31
Q

A cat has a normal PSP clearance test, elevated blood creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, normal blood glucose levels with no glycosuria, A 3 + protein in the urine, and a normal urine sediment. The most likely interpretation would be

A

Glomerular problem

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32
Q

Creatine clearance rate problem:

A

((urine creatine x urine flow rate) / plasma creatine) / body wt = creatine clearance

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33
Q

The typical clinicopathologic picture in a male cat with prolonged urethral obstruction would be?

A

Increase serum urea nitrogen and potassium levels, metabolic acidosis

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34
Q

Hypercalcemia is a common finding in renal disease of

A

Horses

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35
Q

A dog has a urine specific gravity of 1.005. The most likely causes of this is

A

Diabetes insipidus

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36
Q

The type of urolith most frequently associated with bacterial UTI is

A

Magnesium ammonium phosphate

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37
Q

A cat with anorexia, depression and vomiting has a blood urea nitrogen level of 98 mg/dl, serum phosphorus level of 11 mg/dl, serum calcium level of 7.3 mg/dl, total plasma protein level of 8.2mg/dl, and your specific gravity of 1.066. the most likely mechanism underlying azotemia in this cat is

A

Dehydration

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38
Q

serum values of which constiuents are most likely to be increased in an azotemic dog

A

Urea nitrogen and creatinine

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39
Q

The renal threshold for glucose in cats is

A

290 mg/dl

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40
Q

Urinary crystals most often associated with portosystemic shunts in dogs are

A

Ammonium biurate

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41
Q

The urinary crystals associated with ethylene glycol toxicity in dogs are

A

Calcium oxalate

42
Q

hemorrage in the GI tract is likely to increase the

A

Blood urea nitrogen level

43
Q

A urinalysis from a 2 year old neutered male Basenji dog with hypoglycemia shows a specific gravity of 1.025, a trace of protein, 1+ bilirubin, and a 2+ glucose.

A

Faconi syndrome

44
Q

Which of the following is the cause of ARF but not pre-renal azotemia

A

Thrombi

45
Q

Which of the following has the best prognosis

A

Polyuric acute renal failure

46
Q

Which of the following is false about the phase of functional recovery of acute renal failure

A

Recovery in all or none

47
Q

You are presented with a four day old cult that is weak and shocky. The fouls abdomen is distended and the owner has not seen it urinate. You suspect A ruptured bladder. When you obtain the results of serum chemistry analysis, what abnormalities would you expect

A

Increased serum potassium level, decreased serum sodium and chloride levels

48
Q

Which of the following is most consistent with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema and hypercholesterolemia

A

Nephrotic syndrome

49
Q

After relief of acute urinary obstruction of 24 hours duration, followed by 48 hours of endogenous post obstructive diuresis, which plasma electrolyte change is most likely

A

Hypokalemia

50
Q

Postrenal azotemia is usally associated with

A

Urinary tract obstruction

51
Q

You are presented with a four year old, 1100 pound, thoroughbred gelding that developed profuse watery diarrhea two days previously. Serum biochemical assay reveals the following results:

Na: 131 (135-140), K: 2.7 (3-4.5), Cl: 101 (105-115), Total CO2: 18

which fluid would be most appropriate to administer first

A

0.9% sodium chloride solution supplemented with potassium chloride

52
Q

A horse with intravascular hemolysis, with a PCV of 10% and hemoglobinuria. Most appropriate treament:

A

IV infusion of blood and lactated Ringer’s solution

53
Q

A five day old, 44 kilogram calf with diarrhea is comatose and severely 12% dehydrated. The base deficit is estimated at 20 mmol/L with the serum bicarbonate level of 6 mEq/L. the most important and immediate concern and treatment of this calf is to?

Fluid needed?
Total carb deficit?

A

Correct the dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and acid base imbalance with intravenous fluid therapy

Fluid needed: (44 kg) (0.12) = 5.28 L
Total bicarb deficit wiht 24 mEq as normal: 24-6= 18 →
(18)(44)(0.4)= 317 mEq

54
Q

Dehydration is characterized by

A

Increased PCV and increased plasma protein level

55
Q

13 year old cat is presented because of lethargy and anorexia. You notice that the skin remains tented when you pinch it away from the body. the cat’s mucus membranes feel very dry. In regard to hydration status, the cat is most likely

A

8% or more dehydrated

56
Q

Paradoxic aciduria is related to increased excretion of H+ in animals with

A

metabolic alkalosis

57
Q

Conditions causing hyponatremia include all of the following except

A

Dehydration

58
Q

The major particle compromising normal serum osmolality is

A

Sodium

59
Q

The major difference in electrolyte composition between plasma intracellular fluid is intracellular fluid contains a

A

Higher potassium concentration

60
Q

When administering IV fluids to a cat or dog, care must be taken to monitor for overhydration. The best initial indicator of overdehydration is

A

Continued weight gain after the animal has been rehydrated appropriately

61
Q

The least appropriate treatment for a dog with Vomiting due to GI disease of unknown origin is

A

IV fluids with sodium bicarb added

62
Q

pH: 7.1 (7.38-7.42)
HCO3: 8 (18-24
pCO2: 25 (40-45)

A

Primary metabolic acidosis, secondary respiratory alkalosis

63
Q

pH: 7.1 (7.38-7.42)
HCO3: 10 (18-24)
pCO2: 25 (30-35)

A

Partially compensated metabolic acidosis

64
Q

When using bicarbonate to correct the acid base disturbance in the cat in the preceding question two rapid administration of bicarbonate could result in

A

Paradoxical acidification of the CSF
Iatrogenically induced metabolic alkalosis
Death
(all of the above) bye

65
Q

A dog admitted to your clinic in severe hypovolemic shock with a PCV of 12% and a total solids of 3.0 g/ dl. your best course of therapy would be to initiate

A

Emergency fluid therapy with whole blood

66
Q

While administering isotonic crystalloid fluids to a severely dehydrated cat, the PCV drops from a pre therapeutic level of 65% to 45% and the plasma total solids dropped from 8 g/dl to 3 g/dl. at this point, the animal has only received approximately 50% of the fluid required for full fluid deficit replacement. The recommended course of action would be to

A

Stop isotonic crystalloid fluid administration and administer plasma

67
Q

A 9 year old 30 kilogram dog has been in appetent for 4 days and vomiting for 2 days. He is severely dehydrated and has a PCV of 62% what is the total fluid requirement in liters

A

(62%-45%) (30 kg) (10 ml/kg) = 5,100 mls
(5,100 ml) (1L/1000 ml)= 5.1 L

68
Q

A 4 kg cat is severly dehydrated and has a PCV of 57%. Total fluid requirement in L?

A

(57%-37%) (4 kg) (10 ml/kg) = 800 mls
(800 ml) (1L/1000 ml)= 0.8 L

69
Q

A 3 year old, 4 kg cat is in severe hypovolemic shock and has a PCV of 65. The total fluid deficit is 1,120 mls. How much should be given immediately in a single bolus

A

1/12 x 1,120 mls = 94

70
Q

A 10 kg dog hit by car, in hypovolemic shock. How much fluid should be given over the next hour?

A

88ml/hr x 10 kg= 880 mls

71
Q

A 3 kg cat, pale mm, HR 250/ min, tachypnea and cold extremities. How much fluid in the next hour?

A

44/mlhr x 3 kg =132 mls

72
Q

10 kg dog is 7% dehydrated. VOlume of fluid deficit should be replaced during the first 24 hours?

A

(10 kg x 0.07) x 80% = 0,56 L = 560 mls

73
Q

3 month old 10 kilogram collie puppy has severe, protracted, acute diarrhea. The puppy has been given fluids for shock and is now ready for rehydration phase of the fluid regimen the puppy is assessed to be 7% dehydrated. Within the past few minutes, the puppy had diarrhea with a volume of 400 milliliters. How much fluid should be given during the first 24 hour period of rehydration therapy?

A

(10 kg x 0.07 x 0.80 x 1000 ml/l) + (400 x2) = 1360 ml

74
Q

During maintenance phase of fluid therapy, the fluid volume required for maintenance and continuing losses in a cat is

A

20-40 ml/kg body wt/day

75
Q

During maintenance phase of fluid therapy, the fluid volume required for maintenance and continuing losses in a dog is

A

40-60 ml/kg body wt/day

76
Q

The most common blood type for cats

A

A

77
Q

Pressure that holds fluid in the BV lumen is

A

Oncotic

78
Q

The best estimate of % of dehydration in a dog with marked loss of skin turgor, dry oral mm, and shock would be

A

12%

79
Q

The max rate for safe IV infusion of potassium in cats and dogs is

A

0.5 mEq/kg/hour

80
Q

Which drug combats the adverse metabolic effects of hyperkalemia but doesn’t reduce serum potassium levels

A

Calcium gluconate

81
Q

What can be used to lower blood potassium

A

Glucose and insulin

82
Q

Dog emaciated, dehydrated, 10 kg with PCV of 63%. Acid base panel:
pH: 7.1 (7.38-7.42)
HCO3: 10 (18-24)
pCO2: 25 (30-35)

A

Primary metabolic acidosis and respiratory compensation

83
Q

Hyperkalemia is common in neonatal calved with diarrhea because

A

In acidosis, hydrogen ions diffuse intracellularly and force potassium ions into the extracellular fluid

84
Q

An important reason for adding glucose to IV replacement fluids for a calf with severe diarrhea is to

A

Enhance movement of extracellular potassium into cells

85
Q

Decreased BUN, serum albumin
Normal globulin
Marked increased post prandial serum bile acid levels:

A

Loss of functional hepatic mass

86
Q

Reflects liver function?

A

Serum albumin level

87
Q

Total serum bilirubin reflects?

A

Conjugated bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin

88
Q

Which clincopatholgic abnormality is most common in horses with acute hepatic failure

A

Prolonged prothrombin time

89
Q

Which species will exhibit hypoglycemia most quickly with acute hepatic failure

A

Ruminant species

90
Q

Which clincopatholgic finding is not commonly observed in horse with hepatic disease or hepatic failure

A

Increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity

91
Q

What proportion of hepatic paranchyma must be affected before clinical signs of hepato-encephalopathy are manifested.

A

75%

92
Q

Most common cause of icterus in horses

A

Hemolysis, liver disease, anorexia

93
Q

Most suggestive of a congenital protosystemic shunt in a 15 month dog

A

Microhepatia, hypoalbuminemia, increased postprandial serum bile acid levels

94
Q

A nine month old mixed breed dog has had episodes of abnormal behavior during the past five months. These episodes principally occur after meals and tend to develop and resolve gradually…
SG: 1.011
Phosphorus: 7.7 (2.5-5.5)
Alkaline phosphatase: 201
Albumin: 2.3
Cause of findings?

A

hepatic insufficiency

95
Q

Test most specific for evaluation of liver function in dogs

A

Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid levels

96
Q

Post-prandial bile acid concentrations highest when?

A

Portosystemic shunt

97
Q

Which is not a liver function test in dogs?

A

ALT

98
Q

Resting (pre-prandial) bile acid concentrations highest when?

A

Cholestasis

99
Q

Examples of substances used to asses functional hepatic mass would include

A

Glucose, albumin, urea

100
Q

Species that develops hypoglycemia more quickly following loss of hepatic function would be?

A

bovine

101
Q

Icteric patients usually exibxit increased

A

Serum bilirubin levels

102
Q

Which test is most specific for evaluation of liver function animals, and is it safe?

A

Ammonia tolerance test
NO leads to haptic encephalopathy

1. Clin Path/ pathology (11 decks)

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