Exam 3 Flashcards
1
Q
A serum chemistry profile in a horse with colic shows an elevated serum creatinine level. Elevation due to dehydration. What other clinicopathologic finding would confirm this?
A
High urine specific gravity
2
Q
Measurement of serum levels of BUN, creatinine, phosphorus and albumin is used to detect
A
renal glomerular damage
3
Q
Which clinicopathologic abnormality is least likely to be found in a dog with advanced renal disease>
A
Increased serum calcium level
4
Q
Which method is least appropriate for urine collection?
A
Aspiration of urine form the cage floor or litterbox
5
Q
In which patient should cystocentesis not be performed?
A
Adult male cat with disease of the bladder wall
6
Q
A urine specimen with a fruity odor is most likely to contain
A
Acetone
7
Q
Specific gravity reading consistent with isotheruria is
A
1.008-1.012
8
Q
Normal Ph of canine and feline urine
A
7 or less
9
Q
Squamous epithelial cells found in urine sample usually originate from
A
Genital tract
10
Q
Transitional epithelial cells found in urine may originate from all of the following sites EXCEPT
A
Renal tubules (cuboidal)
11
Q
White blood cell casts
A
Disease of the kidney
12
Q
Cystine crystals in urine of
A
Male Dachshunds
13
Q
In a horse with suspected exertional myopathy, , the red brown urine is positive for occult blood and protein using a dipstick test. which additional piece of information supports the diagnosis of myoglobinuria and not hemoglobinuria
A
There’s an increase in serum creatine kinase activity
14
Q
Urine of horses is normally thick and cloudy, due to?
A
Mucus and crystals
15
Q
Proteinuria found in animals with
A
A fever
16
Q
Bilirubin in dogs
A
Found in large quantities with cholestatic disease
17
Q
Urine collected by cystocentesis, any of these substance will normally be found EXCEPT
A
BACTERIA
18
Q
When present in urine, Bence-Jones protein most easily detected by
A
Sulfosalicyclic acid test
19
Q
Which test most useful in detecting renal tubular dysfunction
A
Fractional sodium excretion
20
Q
Which type of cast is least significant when found in urine
A
Hyaline
21
Q
Prerenal azotemia accompanied by concurrent increase in
A
Urine specific gravity
22
Q
What proportion of renal parenchyma must become dysfunctional before renal azotemia is evident
A
3/4
23
Q
Which species can resorb most of the urea that passes from the blood, through the bowel mucosa and into the GI tract for protein synthesis?
A
Cattle
24
Q
Reduced glomerular filtration can cause
A
Azotemia
25
In dogs, the best way to determine significant portein loss from the kidneys is to
Determine the ratio of urine protein concentration to urine creatine concentration in a single urine sample
26
A female dog was admitted to your clinic with a history of stranguria. the urinary bladder was full of the urine and could not be expressed when gentle pressure was put on the bladder. based on the clinical and physical signs, the radio graphic findings below and your knowledge of kidney function, the expected clinical pathologic picture in the affected dog would be?
increase serum urea nitrogen and potassium levels, with increased urine specific gravity
27
A water deprivation test to evaluate the ability to concentrate urine is contraindicated in an animals that's
Azotemic
28
Which drug is used to test the response to antidiuretic hormone
Vasopressin
29
When forming A urinalysis with the standard dipstick reagent pads for heme pigments, a positive color test indicates
Intact erythrocytes, free Hb, and free myoglobin
30
Which of the following substances is used to determine renal plasma flow
Para-amino hippuric acid
31
A cat has a normal PSP clearance test, elevated blood creatinine and urea nitrogen levels, normal blood glucose levels with no glycosuria, A 3 + protein in the urine, and a normal urine sediment. The most likely interpretation would be
Glomerular problem
32
Creatine clearance rate problem:
((urine creatine x urine flow rate) / plasma creatine) / body wt = creatine clearance
33
The typical clinicopathologic picture in a male cat with prolonged urethral obstruction would be?
Increase serum urea nitrogen and potassium levels, metabolic acidosis
34
Hypercalcemia is a common finding in renal disease of
Horses
35
A dog has a urine specific gravity of 1.005. The most likely causes of this is
Diabetes insipidus
36
The type of urolith most frequently associated with bacterial UTI is
Magnesium ammonium phosphate
37
A cat with anorexia, depression and vomiting has a blood urea nitrogen level of 98 mg/dl, serum phosphorus level of 11 mg/dl, serum calcium level of 7.3 mg/dl, total plasma protein level of 8.2mg/dl, and your specific gravity of 1.066. the most likely mechanism underlying azotemia in this cat is
Dehydration
38
serum values of which constiuents are most likely to be increased in an azotemic dog
Urea nitrogen and creatinine
39
The renal threshold for glucose in cats is
290 mg/dl
40
Urinary crystals most often associated with portosystemic shunts in dogs are
Ammonium biurate
41
The urinary crystals associated with ethylene glycol toxicity in dogs are
Calcium oxalate
42
hemorrage in the GI tract is likely to increase the
Blood urea nitrogen level
43
A urinalysis from a 2 year old neutered male Basenji dog with hypoglycemia shows a specific gravity of 1.025, a trace of protein, 1+ bilirubin, and a 2+ glucose.
Faconi syndrome
44
Which of the following is the cause of ARF but not pre-renal azotemia
Thrombi
45
Which of the following has the best prognosis
Polyuric acute renal failure
46
Which of the following is false about the phase of functional recovery of acute renal failure
Recovery in all or none
47
You are presented with a four day old cult that is weak and shocky. The fouls abdomen is distended and the owner has not seen it urinate. You suspect A ruptured bladder. When you obtain the results of serum chemistry analysis, what abnormalities would you expect
Increased serum potassium level, decreased serum sodium and chloride levels
48
Which of the following is most consistent with massive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema and hypercholesterolemia
Nephrotic syndrome
49
After relief of acute urinary obstruction of 24 hours duration, followed by 48 hours of endogenous post obstructive diuresis, which plasma electrolyte change is most likely
Hypokalemia
50
Postrenal azotemia is usally associated with
Urinary tract obstruction
51
You are presented with a four year old, 1100 pound, thoroughbred gelding that developed profuse watery diarrhea two days previously. Serum biochemical assay reveals the following results:
Na: 131 (135-140), K: 2.7 (3-4.5), Cl: 101 (105-115), Total CO2: 18
which fluid would be most appropriate to administer first
0.9% sodium chloride solution supplemented with potassium chloride
52
A horse with intravascular hemolysis, with a PCV of 10% and hemoglobinuria. Most appropriate treament:
IV infusion of blood and lactated Ringer's solution
53
A five day old, 44 kilogram calf with diarrhea is comatose and severely 12% dehydrated. The base deficit is estimated at 20 mmol/L with the serum bicarbonate level of 6 mEq/L. the most important and immediate concern and treatment of this calf is to?
Fluid needed?
Total carb deficit?
Correct the dehydration, electrolyte imbalance and acid base imbalance with intravenous fluid therapy
Fluid needed: (44 kg) (0.12) = 5.28 L
Total bicarb deficit wiht 24 mEq as normal: 24-6= 18 →
(18)(44)(0.4)= 317 mEq
54
Dehydration is characterized by
Increased PCV and increased plasma protein level
55
13 year old cat is presented because of lethargy and anorexia. You notice that the skin remains tented when you pinch it away from the body. the cat's mucus membranes feel very dry. In regard to hydration status, the cat is most likely
8% or more dehydrated
56
Paradoxic aciduria is related to increased excretion of H+ in animals with
metabolic alkalosis
57
Conditions causing hyponatremia include all of the following except
Dehydration
58
The major particle compromising normal serum osmolality is
Sodium
59
The major difference in electrolyte composition between plasma intracellular fluid is intracellular fluid contains a
Higher potassium concentration
60
When administering IV fluids to a cat or dog, care must be taken to monitor for overhydration. The best initial indicator of overdehydration is
Continued weight gain after the animal has been rehydrated appropriately
61
The least appropriate treatment for a dog with Vomiting due to GI disease of unknown origin is
IV fluids with sodium bicarb added
62
pH: 7.1 (7.38-7.42)
HCO3: 8 (18-24
pCO2: 25 (40-45)
Primary metabolic acidosis, secondary respiratory alkalosis
63
pH: 7.1 (7.38-7.42)
HCO3: 10 (18-24)
pCO2: 25 (30-35)
Partially compensated metabolic acidosis
64
When using bicarbonate to correct the acid base disturbance in the cat in the preceding question two rapid administration of bicarbonate could result in
Paradoxical acidification of the CSF
Iatrogenically induced metabolic alkalosis
Death
(all of the above) bye
65
A dog admitted to your clinic in severe hypovolemic shock with a PCV of 12% and a total solids of 3.0 g/ dl. your best course of therapy would be to initiate
Emergency fluid therapy with whole blood
66
While administering isotonic crystalloid fluids to a severely dehydrated cat, the PCV drops from a pre therapeutic level of 65% to 45% and the plasma total solids dropped from 8 g/dl to 3 g/dl. at this point, the animal has only received approximately 50% of the fluid required for full fluid deficit replacement. The recommended course of action would be to
Stop isotonic crystalloid fluid administration and administer plasma
67
A 9 year old 30 kilogram dog has been in appetent for 4 days and vomiting for 2 days. He is severely dehydrated and has a PCV of 62% what is the total fluid requirement in liters
(62%-45%) (30 kg) (10 ml/kg) = 5,100 mls
(5,100 ml) (1L/1000 ml)= 5.1 L
68
A 4 kg cat is severly dehydrated and has a PCV of 57%. Total fluid requirement in L?
(57%-37%) (4 kg) (10 ml/kg) = 800 mls
(800 ml) (1L/1000 ml)= 0.8 L
69
A 3 year old, 4 kg cat is in severe hypovolemic shock and has a PCV of 65. The total fluid deficit is 1,120 mls. How much should be given immediately in a single bolus
1/12 x 1,120 mls = 94
70
A 10 kg dog hit by car, in hypovolemic shock. How much fluid should be given over the next hour?
88ml/hr x 10 kg= 880 mls
71
A 3 kg cat, pale mm, HR 250/ min, tachypnea and cold extremities. How much fluid in the next hour?
44/mlhr x 3 kg =132 mls
72
10 kg dog is 7% dehydrated. VOlume of fluid deficit should be replaced during the first 24 hours?
(10 kg x 0.07) x 80% = 0,56 L = 560 mls
73
3 month old 10 kilogram collie puppy has severe, protracted, acute diarrhea. The puppy has been given fluids for shock and is now ready for rehydration phase of the fluid regimen the puppy is assessed to be 7% dehydrated. Within the past few minutes, the puppy had diarrhea with a volume of 400 milliliters. How much fluid should be given during the first 24 hour period of rehydration therapy?
(10 kg x 0.07 x 0.80 x 1000 ml/l) + (400 x2) = 1360 ml
74
During maintenance phase of fluid therapy, the fluid volume required for maintenance and continuing losses in a cat is
20-40 ml/kg body wt/day
75
During maintenance phase of fluid therapy, the fluid volume required for maintenance and continuing losses in a dog is
40-60 ml/kg body wt/day
76
The most common blood type for cats
A
77
Pressure that holds fluid in the BV lumen is
Oncotic
78
The best estimate of % of dehydration in a dog with marked loss of skin turgor, dry oral mm, and shock would be
12%
79
The max rate for safe IV infusion of potassium in cats and dogs is
0.5 mEq/kg/hour
80
Which drug combats the adverse metabolic effects of hyperkalemia but doesn't reduce serum potassium levels
Calcium gluconate
81
What can be used to lower blood potassium
Glucose and insulin
82
Dog emaciated, dehydrated, 10 kg with PCV of 63%. Acid base panel:
pH: 7.1 (7.38-7.42)
HCO3: 10 (18-24)
pCO2: 25 (30-35)
Primary metabolic acidosis and respiratory compensation
83
Hyperkalemia is common in neonatal calved with diarrhea because
In acidosis, hydrogen ions diffuse intracellularly and force potassium ions into the extracellular fluid
84
An important reason for adding glucose to IV replacement fluids for a calf with severe diarrhea is to
Enhance movement of extracellular potassium into cells
85
Decreased BUN, serum albumin
Normal globulin
Marked increased post prandial serum bile acid levels:
Loss of functional hepatic mass
86
Reflects liver function?
Serum albumin level
87
Total serum bilirubin reflects?
Conjugated bilirubin and unconjugated bilirubin
88
Which clincopatholgic abnormality is most common in horses with acute hepatic failure
Prolonged prothrombin time
89
Which species will exhibit hypoglycemia most quickly with acute hepatic failure
Ruminant species
90
Which clincopatholgic finding is not commonly observed in horse with hepatic disease or hepatic failure
Increased serum alanine aminotransferase activity
91
What proportion of hepatic paranchyma must be affected before clinical signs of hepato-encephalopathy are manifested.
75%
92
Most common cause of icterus in horses
Hemolysis, liver disease, anorexia
93
Most suggestive of a congenital protosystemic shunt in a 15 month dog
Microhepatia, hypoalbuminemia, increased postprandial serum bile acid levels
94
A nine month old mixed breed dog has had episodes of abnormal behavior during the past five months. These episodes principally occur after meals and tend to develop and resolve gradually…
SG: 1.011
Phosphorus: 7.7 (2.5-5.5)
Alkaline phosphatase: 201
Albumin: 2.3
Cause of findings?
hepatic insufficiency
95
Test most specific for evaluation of liver function in dogs
Fasting and postprandial serum bile acid levels
96
Post-prandial bile acid concentrations highest when?
Portosystemic shunt
97
Which is not a liver function test in dogs?
ALT
98
Resting (pre-prandial) bile acid concentrations highest when?
Cholestasis
99
Examples of substances used to asses functional hepatic mass would include
Glucose, albumin, urea
100
Species that develops hypoglycemia more quickly following loss of hepatic function would be?
bovine
101
Icteric patients usually exibxit increased
Serum bilirubin levels
102
Which test is most specific for evaluation of liver function animals, and is it safe?
Ammonia tolerance test
NO leads to haptic encephalopathy
