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1. Clin Path/ pathology > Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors > Flashcards

Cancer Epidemiology and Risk Factors Flashcards

1
Q

Predisposition to neoplasia

A

Heredity
Age (older, young for certain cancers)
Gender
Pigmentation (lack of)
Hormones
Chronic irritation (damaging cells)
Parasites (spirocercalupi)

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2
Q

Old age

A

↑ with age
High incidence in companion animals
↑ incidence in the third trimester

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3
Q

Young age

A

Young dogs (< 6 m) have high incidence of hematopoietic, skin and brain tumors
Mast cell tumor (boxers)
Lymphoid neoplasia (cats and cattle)
Mesotheliomas (neonatal calves)
Cutaneous neoplasms (young horses)

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4
Q

Boxers

A

High incidence of neoplasia (mast cell tumors)

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5
Q

german shepherds

A

Hemangiosarcoma (spleen and r. atrium)

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6
Q

Large breed dogs

A

Osteosarcomas

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7
Q

BRachycephalic breeds

A

CNS and aortic body tumors

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8
Q

Sinclair and Hormel mini pigs and Duroc jersey swine

A

Melanomas

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9
Q

Bernese mountain dogs

A

Malignant histiocytosis

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10
Q

Cattle, horses

A

Granulosa thecal cell tumor (ovary)

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11
Q

Cats, cattle

A

Lymphosarcoma, leukemia (FeLV, BLV)

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12
Q

Horses

A

Sarcoid, pendunculated lipoma

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13
Q

Dogs

A

mammary gland neoplasia

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14
Q

Chickens

A

Marek’s disease- herpesvirus

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15
Q

Pigmentation

A

White coated animals → squamous cell carcinoma
Grey horses Melanomas

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16
Q

Parasite increasing sarcomas:

A

Spirocera lupi (+ chronic infection)

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17
Q

Hormones

A

Excessive hormone stimulation
Associated with genetic predisposition to tumor formation (mammary and circumanal/ perianal gland tumors)

18
Q

Canine mammary neoplasia incidence

A

OVH before first estrus: 1/100 dogs
OVH after first estrus: 1/12 dogs (8%)
OVH after second estrus: 1/4 dogs (25%)

19
Q

Clinical effects of neoplasia

A

Atropy of surrounding cells, obstruction of lumen or organs
Tissue, blood or lymph supply, n. supply destruction
Bacterial invasion of neoplasm, anemia, hormone production, death, spontaneous regression or recovery

20
Q

Clinical features of neoplasms

A

Clinical abnormality with organ affected
Cancer cachexia
Outward lesions
Paraneoplastic syndromes

21
Q

Paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Systemic complication or illness of neoplasia remote from the primary tumor
Could cause illness/ death

22
Q

Paraneoplastic syndrome treatment

A

Concentration of product decreases after removal or treatment of neoplasm
Product concentrations maintained after removing normal gland that controls the product secretion

23
Q

Categories of paraneoplastic syndromes

A

Endocrinopathies (hypercalcemia of malignancy and cushing’s)
Neuromuscular disorders
Dermatologic Disorders
Osseous, Articular and soft tissue changes (hypertrophic osteoarthropathy)
Hematologic and vascular changes

24
Q

Cushing’s

A

Small cell cancer of the lung
Pancreatic carcinoma and neural tumors
ACTH

25
Q

Hypercalcemia of malignancy

A

Squamous cell carcinoma of lung
Renal or breast carcinoma
Adult lymphoma/ leukemia
PTH-like, TGFa, VD

26
Q

Polycythemia

A

Renal carcinoma
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Erythropoietin

27
Q

Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy

A

Occurs with pulmonary tumors - lung adenocarcinoma
Proliferation of osseous tissue in the bones of distal limbs

28
Q

Myasthenia gravis

A

Thymoma paraneoplastic syndrome
Thymic neoplastic cells produce anti-Ach receptor Abs

29
Q

Pathological dx of neoplasms

A

Biopsy (H&E) with special stains and immunohistochemistry
Cytology
Glor cytometry
Necropsy

30
Q

__________ is more valuable in a clinical setting

31
Q

Grading

A

Estimates aggressiveness based on cytologic differentiation of tumor cells and # of mitoses
Grades 1-4, varied with tumor type
Reflects ↑anaplasia

32
Q

Staging

A

Size of tumor, extent of spread to LNs, presence or absence of metastases

33
Q

The TNM System- UnionInternational Contre Cancer (UICC)

A

T: tumor size, T1-T4
N: node involvement N0 -…
M: absence of presence of metastases M0-M1
based on tumor type

34
Q

Conventional treatment

A

Surgery
Chemotherapy
Radium
Immunotherapy

35
Q

Surgery.

A

Wide margins (3 cm all sides)
Ink surgical margins, tag with suture

36
Q

Chemotherapy

A

Alkylating Agents
Antibiotic antineoplastics (DNA damage)
Mitiotic inhibitors (binds to tubulin)
Hormones (prednisone- lympholytic)

37
Q

Alkylating agents

A

Alkylates DNA → miscoding and cross linking DNA strands
Cell cycle nonspecific, active in resting

38
Q

Radiation

A

Radiation beams (external)
Radioisotropes (internal)- I-131- radioactive iodine

39
Q

Immunomodulatory therapy

A

Modulate immune system
1st USDA approved canine vx for melanoma (Oncept)
Monoclonal Abs for B cells (blontress) and T cells (tactress)

40
Q

Unconventional treatments

A

Holistic therapy
Special diets
Acupuncture

1. Clin Path/ pathology (11 decks)

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