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1. Clin Path/ pathology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Flow of blood in heart

A
  1. Superior or inferior vena cava
  2. Right atrium
  3. Tricuspid valve (diastole)
  4. Right ventricle
  5. Pulmonary valve
  6. Pulmonary artery (de02 blood)
  7. Lungs
  8. Pulmonary vein (oxygenated)
  9. Left atrium
  10. Mitral valve
  11. Left ventricle
  12. Aortic valve
  13. Aorta and to the body!!!!
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2
Q

Layers of the heart (out to in)

A

Pericardial sac
Parietal pericardium
Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
Myocardium
Endocardium

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3
Q

Electrical conduction of the heart

A

SA node
AV node
Bundle of HIs
Purkinje fibers

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4
Q

Function of the cardiovascular system

A

Maintain circulation of blood
Molecular exchanges
Thermoregulation
Urine output

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5
Q

Cardiac output

A

HR x SV
heart rate x vol. of blood pumped per beat of ventricle

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6
Q

_____________ functional cardiac reserve capacity

A

3-5 fold
how much the heart can compensate

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7
Q

Compensatory response to ↑ workload

A

Cardiac dilation (from myofiber stretching)
Acute transient overload (physiolocal dilation)
Chronic volume overload (dilation + hypertorphy)

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8
Q

Cardiac hypertrophy

A

LV: ↑ in length
RV: heart has broader base (backward D shape)
Concentric and eccentric

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9
Q

What’s needed for cardiac hypertrophy?

A

Time, healthy myocardium, and myocardial nutrition

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10
Q

Concentric hypertrophy

A

↑ myocardial mass and thickness of ventricular wall WITHOUT ↑ diameter of chamber

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11
Q

What causes concentric hypertrophy?

A

Pressure overload from aortic or pulmonary stenosis (narrowing), pulmonary hypertension
*Hyperthyroidism in cats

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12
Q

Eccentric hypertrophy

A

↑ myocardial mass of ventricular wall and +/- thickness, WITH ↑ diameter of chamber

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13
Q

What causes eccentric hypertrophy

A

Volume overload due to vascular insufficiencies (pulmonic, aortic, atrioventricular)

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14
Q

Vascular insufficiencies

A

Valves don’t close completely after systole → blood forced back up into the atrium → diastole → extra blood going back into ventricles

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15
Q

Frank-Starling mechanism

A

↑ force of contraction of myocardium by ↑ load of ventricles by stretching fibers and ↑ strength of contraction

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16
Q

Heart failure

A

Occurs when the heart can’t compensate: cardiac output ↓, cardiac enlargement

17
Q

Causes of heart failure

A

Sustained pressure overload
Sustained volume overload
↓ normal contractility

18
Q

Congestive Heart failure

A

Cardiac output can’t keep pace with venous return
↓ stroke vol. and rate of contraction
Pulmonary (left) and generalized (right) venous congestion

19
Q

Small dog breeds with CHF

A

Geriatric: mitral regurgitation due to endocardiosis (most common)

20
Q

Large and giant breeds with CHF

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy (most common)- biventricular but LV most effected

21
Q

Boxer CHF

A

Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy

22
Q

Cat with CHF

A

Hypertrophic and cardiomyopathy
Inherited autosomal dominant trait in Maine Coon and American Shorthairs
1-3 yrs - sudden death

23
Q

Left sided heart failure

A

Primarily effects the lungs: congestion, edema and induration
Coughing and shortness of breath (dogs)

24
Q

Brown induration of the lungs (left sided heart failure)

A

Deposition of hemosiderin in the lung macrophages forming heart failure cells → thick pulmonary pleura, firm, chronic

25
Q

CS of brown induration

A

Coughing, fluid in alveolar spaces, golden appearance to lungs, macrophages with hemosiderin

26
Q

Right sided heart failure

A

Generalized effects: venous congestion, distention of liver, spleen and jug vein

27
Q

Distribution of fluid for right sided heart failure

A

Cat: thorax
Dog: peritoneum
Horse: SQ edema (legs- stocking)
Cow: SQ edema (brisket)

28
Q

Brisket disease

A

Cattle and swine
Hypertensive heart failure at high altitudes (right sided heart failure)
SQ edema on the brisket

29
Q

Brisket disease pathogenesis

A

Hypoxia induced vasoconstriction → tunica media hypertrophy of pulmonary arteries and arterioles → pulmonary hypertension → right ventricular dilation and hypertrophy → cardiac decompensation if chronic → chronic HF

1. Clin Path/ pathology (11 decks)

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