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Equine Final Year > Vascular Disease > Flashcards

Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Define embolus

A

•occlusion of a blood vessel by migrating object

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2
Q

Define thrombus

A

blood clot - inappropriate activation of the clotting process within a vessel

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3
Q

Define ischaemia

A

•restriction in blood supply to tissue

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4
Q

Define stroke. What are the 2 causes?

A

•Clinical manifestation of Rapidly occuring loss of brain function due to focal disturbance in blood supply:

–Thrombo-embolic disease – cut off supply

–Haemorhage- bleed in the region

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5
Q

What 2 things are confused with a dog stroke?

A

Idiotpathic facial paralysis

Idiopathic vestibular disease

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6
Q

How can you treat vestibular syndrome?

A
  • Normal on advanced imaging
  • Need to differentiate from otitis externa/media
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7
Q

How can you treat vestivular syndrome?

A

•No specific diagnosis so no specific treatment

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8
Q

How does old dog vestibular disease often ppresent? What do you do?

A

•More severe form with sometimes alarming clinical picture

–Head tilt

–Cant stand

–Just roll

–Peripheral testing by holding them to the wall

•May require extended periods for recovery

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9
Q

A) What is seen in Fibrocartilagenous embolisation?

B) What does prognosis depend on?

A

A)

  • Sudden onset
  • Non-painful
  • Non-progressive

–May progress over 24 hours

B) Location

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10
Q

What do we differentiation fibrocartilaegenous embolism from?

A

Ischaemic myelopathy

Lateralised ischaemia caused because the artery splits and only one side becomes ischaemic

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11
Q

What is the clinical picture of ischaemia myelopathy?

A

–acute onset hindlimb weakness/paralysis

–Painful hindlimbs

–Pallour/pulselessness/painful/paralysis

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12
Q

How can you diagnose ischaemic myelopathy?

A

–Clinical examination

–Ultrasound

–Cardiac evaluation – especially in the cat

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13
Q

What is ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

•Primary disease process of unknown aetiology in cats occuring spontaneously

  • Similar to human stroke
  • Episodes of hypoxia resulting in transient blindness or more severe clinical signs
  • Use of mouth gag in cats during dentals can cause cerebral ischaemia
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14
Q

Name 2 secondary causes of ischaemic encephalopathy (3)

A

–Post anaesthetic in cats

–Cats which have a mouth gag in a dental!!

–Post seizures in all species

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15
Q

What is seen in an animal with ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

•Episodes of hypoxia resulting in transient blindness or more severe clinical signs

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16
Q

What is saddle thrombus?

A

–Thromboembolic disease affecting the descending aorta–Thromboembolic disease affecting the descending aorta

17
Q

How do we diagnose ischaemic myelopathy?

A

•Occluded aorta – pulsness, palor and pain. Cold. CLINICAL SIGNS. Very common in cat. Rare in dog.

18
Q

What is Ischaemic myelopathy secondary to in dogs?

A

Kidney failure and cushings

19
Q

What is Ischaemic myelopathy secondary to in cats?

A

Cardiomyopathy

20
Q

How do you treat ischaemic myelopathy?

A

Mainly just treat underlying disease

21
Q

What is the prognosis of iscchaemic myelopathy?

A

Guarded

22
Q

What is ischaemic encephalopathy?

A

•Primary disease process of unknown aetiology in cats occuring spontaneously

23
Q

What is Ischaemic encephalopathy secondary to? (3)

A

–Post anaesthetic in cats

–Cats which have a mouth gag in a dental!!

–Post seizures in all species

24
Q

What is seen in iscaemic encephalopathy?

A

•Episodes of hypoxia resulting in transient blindness or more severe clinical signs

25
Q

What is seen on MRI with Post seizure encephalopathy?

A

MRI findings of focal regions of oedema within the brain postictally

26
Q

How does Post seizure encephalopathy mend?

A

Spontaneous resolution in most cases with conservative therapy

27
Q

What is thought to cause Post anaesthesia blindness?

A

•Suspected episode of hypoxia during anaesthesia – may have gone un-noted

28
Q

What is the prognosis of post anaesthesia blindness?

A

•Prognosis usually good for return of vision with supportive therapy but should review anaesthesia protocols

29
Q

What is Post anaesthetic myelopathy in horses?

A
  • Uncommon complication of apparently uneventful general anaesthesia
  • Ischaemic myelopathy in SC
30
Q

What worm do we worry about with neurological signs?

A

•Angiostrongylus

–All across the UK

–Have it on differentials

–Think whether it is causing bleeding in CNS

–Progressive

–May see bleeding signs elsewhere

–Present as spontaneous bleeding in the NS

–Depends where the bleeding is- encephlotpthic of myleopathic

31
Q

Name 3 clinical signs seen in central vestibular syndrome but not peripheral (4)

A

Positional nystagmus

Decreased proprioception

Paresis

Other cranial nerve deficits

32
Q

What can be seen here?

A

Fibrocartilagenous embolization
See strokes in the SC
Discolour of SC. Histo identifiy fibrocartilage blocking vertebral artery in SC> Focal ischaemia in SC.

33
Q

What is vestibular disease?

A

Canine vestibular disease affects the body’s balance systems. There are two forms of the condition, peripheral vestibular disease which is the more common, and central vestibular disease.

Peripheral vestibular disease results from damage to the nerves of the inner ear that can be caused by infection, overzealous cleaning of the ears, trauma, stroke, tumors, certain drugs and other conditions.

Symptoms of the condition including head tilting, loss of balance, stumbling, falling, abnormal eye movements, nausea and vomiting.

Treatment of the disorder consists primarily of supportive care and resolving any underlying cause. Geriatric dogs with peripheral vestibular disease often need supportive therapy in the form of IV fluids and supplemental nutrition, help with eating, drinking

34
Q

What is ischaemic myelopathy?

A
  • Saddle thrombus
  • Thromboembolic disease affecting the descending aorta
  • Common in cats –secondary to cardiac disease (cardiomyopathy)
  • Rare in dogs – may be secondary to renal failure
  • Treatment – mainly of underlying disease and for prevention
  • Prognosis – guarded (underlying disease)
35
Q

What is the difference between central and peripheral vestibular disease?

A

Equine Final Year (102 decks)

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