Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Equine Final Year > Microbiology Of Enteritis > Flashcards

Microbiology Of Enteritis Flashcards

1
Q

What are the common sites for commensals?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Define commensals

A

The relationship between two species whereby one (the commensal) benefits from the association, whereas the other neither benefits nor suffers. Not restricted to bacteria (fungi and protozoa).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What will GI commensals cause if they are given the opportunity?

A

Disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Name 2 common gram negative anaerobic rod commensals (3)

A

Bacteroides sp.

Desulfomonas sp.

Fusobacterium sp.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name 3 common gram negative faculative anaerobic/aerobes rod commensals (6)

A

Enterobacteriaceae

Escherichia coli

Citrobacter freundii

Klebsiella sp.

Enterobacter sp.

Proteus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Name a common gram positive faculative anaerobic/aerobes rod commensals

A

Lactobacillus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name a common gram positive faculative anaerobic/aerobes cocci commensals (3)

A

Streptococcus

Staphylococcus

Enterococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Name 3 gram positive commensals which are anaerobic rods (5)

A

Bifidobacterium

Clostridium

Eubacterium

Lachnospira

Propionobacterium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Name 3 gram positive commensals which are anaerobic cocci (4)

A

Rumonococcus

Peptococcus

Streptococci

Coprococcus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Commensal can be a flexible term, Campylobacter is an example of this - explain why

A
  • Campylobacter is a commensal of a number of species and will be found if looked for.
  • Causes disease in some species ‘man’ ‘Dogs’ other?
  • Adaptive resistance may lead to a carrier/commensal state of some organisms ‘Campylobacter in man’ in dogs?
  • True commensals in poultry, pigs, cattle?
  • Due to high prevalence in asymptomatic species it is hard to attribute to disease.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What can adaptive resistance lead to?

A

carrier/commensal state of some organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Cattle:

A) Name 3 GI bacterial Pathogens (4)

B) Name 3 viral GI pathogens (4)

A

A)

  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella Serotypes
  • Mycobacterium avium
  • Clostridium perfingens types B&C

B)

  • Rotavirus
  • Bovine Coronavirus
  • BVDV
  • Rinderpest virus (eradicated 2010 Not UK)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Sheep/goats:

A) Name 2 bacterial GI pathogens (3)

B) Name a viral GI pathogen (2)

A

A)

  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella Serotypes
  • Clostridium perfingens types B&C

B)

  • Rotavirus
  • Pestes des petis ruminant virus (not UK)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pigs:

A) Name 3 bacterial GI pathogens (5)

B) Name 3 viral GI pathogens (4)

A

A)

  • Escherichia coli
  • Clostridium perfingens types A&C
  • Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and others
  • Lawsonia intracellularis
  • Salmonella Serotypes

B)

  • Rotavirus
  • Transmissible gastro enteritis virus
  • Classical swine fever virus
  • African Swine fever virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Horses:

A) Name 4 bacterial GI pathogens (6)

B) Name a viral GI pathogen (1)

A

A)

  • Salmonella Serotypes
  • Clostridium perfingens types A&C
  • Clostridium difficile
  • Ehrlichia risticii (Non UK mostly US)
  • Actinobacillus equuli
  • Escherichia coli (role unclear)

B) Rotavirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Cats/Dogs:

A) Name 6 bacterial GI pathogens (8)

B) Name 3 viral GI pathogen (4)

A

A)

  • Salmonella sp.
  • Campylobacter sp.
  • Clostridium difficile
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Yersinia
  • Bacillus piliformis
  • Escherichia coli
  • Aeromonas hydrophila

B)

  • Parvovirus
  • Rotavirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Canine distemper virus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Poultry:

A) Name 4 bacterial GI pathogens (5)

B) Name 3 viral GI pathogen (5)

A

A)

  • Salmonella
  • Salmonellosis
  • Salmonella
  • Fowl typhoid
  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Necrotic enteritis
  • Brachyspira pilosicoli, intermdia
  • Yersinia

B)

  • Adenovirus
  • Coronavirus
  • Birna virus
  • Reovirus (role unclear)
  • Rotavirus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Enterobacteriaceae:

A) Gram?

B) Respiration type?

C) Are they motile?

A

A) NEgative

B) Faculative anaerobe

C) Motile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What will enteric bacteria tolerate in selective media?

A

Bile salts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where do Enterobacteriaceae grow?

A

Non enriched media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Enterobacteriaceae:

A) Oxidase?

B) Catalase?

C) What can they ferment?

D) What can they reduce?

A

A) -ve

B) +ve

C) Glucose

D) Nitrate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Enterobacteriaceae:

Name 2 manjor enteric pathogens (3)

A
  • Escherichia coli
  • Salmonella serotypes
  • Yersinia sp.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Enterobacteriaceae:

Name 2 oppurtunisitic pathogens (3)

A
  • Proteus
  • Enterobacter
  • Klebsiella
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Can we differentiate on culture?

A

They all look pretty much the same

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How can we differentiate on morphology? (3)

A
  • Lactose fermentations (MacConkey/ XLD)
  • Reactions on selective media (XLD/BG)
  • Eosin-methylene blue agar for E. coli (metallic sheen)
26
Q

How can we look at colonial morphology? (3)

A
  • Mucoid – Klebsiella, Enterobacter
  • Proteus swarming on rich media
  • Serratia marcescens red pigmentations
27
Q

Ecoli:

  1. Clinical importance
  2. Culture characteristics
  3. Motility at 30°C
  4. Lactose fermentation IMViC tests:
  5. Indole
  6. Methyl Red
  7. Voges Proskauer
  8. Citrate
  9. H2S production on TSI
  10. Lysine Decarboxylase
  11. Urease
A
  1. Major pathogens and Commensal
  2. Some haemolytic
  3. Motile
  4. +
  5. +
  6. -
  7. -
  8. -
  9. -
  10. +
  11. -
28
Q

Salmonella:

  1. Clinical importance
  2. Culture characteristics
  3. Motility at 30°C
  4. Lactose fermentation IMViC tests:
  5. Indole
  6. Methyl Red
  7. Voges Proskauer
  8. Citrate
  9. H2S production on TSI
  10. Lysine Decarboxylase
  11. Urease
A
  1. Major pathogen
  2. -
  3. Motile* Not all
  4. -
  5. _
  6. +
  7. -
  8. +
  9. +
  10. +
  11. -
29
Q

Yersinia:

  1. Clinical importance
  2. Culture characteristics
  3. Motility at 30°C
  4. Lactose fermentation IMViC tests:
  5. Indole
  6. Methyl Red
  7. Voges Proskauer
  8. Citrate
  9. H2S production on TSI
  10. Lysine Decarboxylase
  11. Urease
A
  1. Major Pathogen
  2. -
  3. Motile* except pestis
  4. -
  5. V
  6. +
  7. -
  8. -
  9. -
  10. -
    • *except pestis
30
Q

Proteus:

  1. Clinical importance
  2. Culture characteristics
  3. Motility at 30°C
  4. Lactose fermentation IMViC tests:
  5. Indole
  6. Methyl Red
  7. Voges Proskauer
  8. Citrate
  9. H2S production on TSI
  10. Lysine Decarboxylase
  11. Urease
A
  1. Opportunist
  2. Swarming growth
  3. Motile
  4. -
  5. +/-
  6. +
  7. v
  8. v
  9. +
  10. -
  11. +
31
Q

Enterobacter:

  1. Clinical importance
  2. Culture characteristics
  3. Motility at 30°C
  4. Lactose fermentation IMViC tests:
  5. Indole
  6. Methyl Red
  7. Voges Proskauer
  8. Citrate
  9. H2S production on TSI
  10. Lysine Decarboxylase
  11. Urease
A
  1. Opportunist
  2. Mucoid
  3. Motile
  4. +
  5. -
  6. -
  7. +
  8. +
  9. -
  10. +
  11. -
32
Q

Klebsiella:

  1. Clinical importance
  2. Culture characteristics
  3. Motility at 30°C
  4. Lactose fermentation IMViC tests:
  5. Indole
  6. Methyl Red
  7. Voges Proskauer
  8. Citrate
  9. H2S production on TSI
  10. Lysine Decarboxylase
  11. Urease
A
  1. Opportunist
  2. Mucoid
  3. Motile
  4. +
  5. -
  6. -
  7. +
  8. +
  9. -
  10. +
  11. +
33
Q

What are the E. Coli key groups? (4)

A

•ETEC, EPEC, VTEC Necrotoxigenic etc.

34
Q

What are the cultural and microscopic properties of campylobacter?

A

Colonies are flat, droplet-like, glistening and tend to spread along the direction of the steak on moist agar. Older colonies become white to salmon-coloured. The colonies have a very characteristic odour.

Requires microaerophilic growth conditions (5% oxygen and 10% carbon dioxide)

Gram-negative, very slender vibrio / spiral shaped (fixed smear dead bacteria)

Two days to grow.

35
Q

C. jejuni subsp jejuni causes GI infections, Who are the carriers? (5)

A

Carried by poultry, cattle, sheep, dogs, wild animals and birds.

36
Q

C. coli causes GI infections, where can it be isolated? (2)

A

Isolates pigs and poultry.

37
Q

C. fetus subsp fetus causes reproductive infection, what does it do in animals and which ones (2)

A

sporadic abortion sheep and cattle.

38
Q

C. fetus subsp venerealis is a reproductive infection, what does it cause in cattle?

A

Abortion (STD)

39
Q

What 2 things are there a correlation with with campylobacter in birds?

A
  • reduced weight gain (only visible on large studies)
  • Hock burn (which is associated with wet bedding i..e more watery faeces)
40
Q

Is campylobacter a clear pathogen in dogs?

A

Some times it is hard to define if a bacteria causes disease in an animal. Diarrhoea in dogs and other domestic animals has been attributed to Campylobacter species but Campylobacter is often found in healthy animals.

In older dogs the evidence is unclear for campylobacter causing diarrhoea but there is some evidence in puppies. In an open screen ca. 25% of dogs were found to carry Campylobacter upsaliensis with lower levels of C. jejuni and C. lari (ca. 1%).

The problems is how do you confirm if something is the cause of disease when it is often found in healthy animals? The presence of increased/large numbers of the bacteria in a smears or rectal scrapings may be indicative of it acting as a pathogen. But it may not be definitive. As you have not got anything to compare it too.

It may be that disease is associated more with young or debilitated animals which are often increased at risk. There are also tentative indications that there may be a synergy in symptoms with other pathogenic agents.

41
Q

What is the morphology of clostridia and what are they capable of producing?

A

Gram +ve, rod shape, obligate anaerobe

Capable of producing endospores

42
Q

Name the 4 important species of clostridia?

A
  • C. Botulinum
  • C. Difficile
  • C. Perfringens
  • C. Tetani
43
Q

What variation is there in clostridia morphology?

A

perfringens large wide rods

Tetani thin rods (almost drumstick like)

44
Q

What is this?

A

Clostridium perfringens

45
Q

What considerations do we need to be aware of when sampling for clostridia?

A
  • Anaerobic
  • Saprophytes found in soil, fresh water and marine (with suitably low redox)
  • Also constitute normal part of GI flora.
46
Q

How do we go about sampling clostridia?

A
  • Sample fresh cadaver material
  • as bacteria can grow and spread and confuse results PM
  • Placed in anaerobic transport medium
  • Prompt culture

Culture is on enriched blood agar (yeast extract, VitK, haemin)

  • Media pre-treated or fresh to reduce oxygen.
  • Requires anaerobic atmosphere with hydrogen and 5-10% CO2
47
Q

How can we differentiate clostrdia? (4)

A
  • C. perfingens double haemolysis
  • Biochemical identification (commercial kits)
  • Toxins can be identified by ELISA.
  • Antibody based techniques from lesion samples.
48
Q

How ca we diagnose Lawsonia? (3)

A
  • Hard to culture as obligate intracellular pathogen.
  • Clinical signs and gross pathological findings
  • PCR or immuno-fluorescent tests
49
Q

How can you diagnose Spirochetes & Brachyspira (4)

A
  • Observation in stained fecal smears
  • Grow anaerobically
  • Confirmed by culture on selective blood agar.
  • Differentiation based on haemolysis
50
Q

What type or bacteria is Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis and what does it cause?

A

Acid fast bacteria

  • Causes Johne’s disease in cattle and other ruminants.
  • Chronic contagious invariably fatal enteritis
51
Q

How can we identify Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis from live animals?

A

•Scrapings, pinch biopsies from rectum.

52
Q

What specimens can we take for diagnosis of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis?

A
  • Post mortem
  • Histopathological samples from affected tissue or lymph nodes.
  • Microscopy with ZN technique
  • Culture is difficult and time consuming up to 16 weeks to grow.
53
Q

What is going on here?

A

Ziehl Neelsen (ZN) counterstained with loefflers

Can also counter stain with other stains such as malachite green.

54
Q

How can you do resistance profiles?

A
  • Disc diffusion
  • MIC by E-strips
55
Q

Define intrinsic resistance

A

Organism naturally resistant to certain groups of antibiotic

56
Q

Define acquired resistance

A
  • Heritable – modification of self
  • Transferable - acquired good example β-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae. High frequency in pig farming. Very low in environmental.
57
Q

Wooden tongue:

A) What type of bacteria casues it?

B) Where is it a commensal?

C) Wat respiration?

D) Oxidase?

E) Urease?

A

A) Actinobacillus lignieresii - gram -ve rod

B) Commensals of mucous membranes

C) Facultative anaerobe

D) Oxidase +ve Urease +ve

58
Q

What causes lumpy jaw and how does it happen?

A

Actinomyces bovis

Invades tissue through breaks in lining of mouth - the damage is due to rough forage or sharp teeth

59
Q

Fusobacterium necrophorum :

A) Gram?

B) Respiration?

C) Family?

D) Does it form spores?

E) Is it motile?

A

A) Negative

B) Obligate anaerobe

C) Bacteroidaceae family

D) Non-spore

E) Non-motile

60
Q

Where is Fusobacterium necrophorum found? How does it infect and how can we treat?

A

alimentary tract of animals and human beings and respiratory tract of cattle

Infections involve the mucous membranes and underlying tissues of the oral cavity epithelium in calves in pigs less common in goats. To establish infection they usually require injury that breaches an intact epidermal layer. Self limiting.

Initially animals may show signs not drinking.

Often dealt with by farmer.

The pathogenic mechanisms in F. necrophorum infection involve several toxins such as leucocidins, haemolysin and cytoplasmic toxin.

Treatment, course of antibiotics e.g. penicillin’s.

61
Q

What is this?

A

Weakly stained rods. Some of the cells have a filamentous form.

Fusobacterium

Equine Final Year (102 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions