Ultrasonography Of The Equine Distal Limb Flashcards
What four things does ultrasound provide information on?
–Structures involved
–Degree and extent of injury
–Acute or chronic injury
–Healing / response to treatment
What is the examination technique of using ultrasound?
- Quiet, dark environmen with suitable facilities
- Allow sufficient time for an examination
- Sedation / analgesics for painful lesions
- Clip and scrub affected area
- Use plenty of coupling gel
- Move limb during musculoskeletal examination (dynamic studies)
What is the depth of imaging for SDFT and DDFT?
2-4cm
What is the depth of suspensory ligament?
4-6cm
What angle does the ultrasound probe need to be to the area imaged?
90 degrees
What 2 views do we need with an ultrasound?
Transverse and longitudinal
What images are needed from lateral and medial aspect for suspensory branches?
Transverse images
Name 12 of the normal structures proximal to fetlock seen on ultrasound (15)
- Superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)
- Deep digital flexor tendon (DDFT)
- Accessory ligament of DDFT / check ligament (ALDDFT)
- Suspensory ligament (SL)
- Digital extensor tendon
- Intersesamoidean ligaments
- Proximal annular ligament
- Tendon sheath
- Cannon bone
- Splint bones
- Sesamoid bones
- Fetlock joint
- Fetlock collateral ligaments
- Skin and subcut. tissues
- Neurovascular structures
What is the origin of flexor tendons?
Caudomedial humerus
Where does the SDFT insert?
P1 and P2
Where does the DDFT insert?
P3
Where do suspensory ligament arise from?
Palmar carpal ligament and metacarpal bone
Where do the suspensory ligaments insert?
On sesamoid bone (exensor branches)
What are the regions and technique to ultrasound the metacarpus?
7 zones from accessory carpal bone to ergot (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 3C)
What are the regions and techniues to ultrasound the metatarsus?
•9 zones from base of hock to ergot (1A, 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4A, 4B, 4C)
Look at this
Name 10 normal structures distal to fetlock (12)
- SDFT and DDFT
- Extensor branches of SL
- Tendon sheath
- Digital extensor tendon
- Distal annular ligament
- P1, P2 and P3
- Pastern joint
- Coffin joint
- Collateral ligaments
- Navicular bone, impar ligament and bursa
- Collateral cartilages
- Skin and subcut. tissue
Look at this
What changes can be seen with disease?
- Position, size, shape, structure and echogenicity
- Changes in position
- Changes in cross sectional area
- Changes in margins
- Changes in fibre pattern
- Changes in echogenicity
What do you describe lesions in terms of?
–Location: which structures are affected, distance from anatomical landmarks (accessory carpal bone or base of hock, where is the lesion
–Size: measure CSA, extent of defect and compare to other limb or known normals
–Shape: margins and outline
–Changes in echogenicity
–Changes in normal architecture
–Anomalies
What are tendon fibres held together by?
Endootenon
What are fasicles held together by?
Paratenon
What is a whole tendon surrounded by?
Epitenon
What does this show?
































