Vascular Disease Flashcards
Peripheral Vascular Disease
a disease that affects the vascular system (arteries, veins, lymph)
PVD Risk Factors
obesity increased blood pressure family history kidney disease DM over the age of 50 Poor Diet Lack of exercise Smoking Drug Use
Functional PVD
no defects in the blood vessel structure
usually brief in effects
no organic cause
narrowing
What can functional PVD be attributed to:
Emotional Stress
Cold temperatures
Medications
Work-related activities (vibration or heavy tool use)
Organic PVD
Caused by structural changes to the blood vessels
What can organic PVD be attributed to:
smoking
DM
High blood pressure
High cholesterol
What is the primary presentation of functional PVD
Raynaud’s Disease
Types of Organic PVD
Peripheral Artery Disease (common) Atherosclerosis DVT Varicose veins Thrombophlebitis Lymphedema
Ankle Brachial Index
commonly used to diagnose PVD
compares blood pressure in the ankle to the blood pressure in your arm
Doppler ultrasound
identify blocked arteries
Angiography
MRA (magnetic resonance)
MRA includes the use of:
magnetic field imaging
CTA includes the use of:
X rays for assessments
PVD complications
poor wound healing
ulceration
risk of amputation
Treatment for PVD
cessation of smoking
lower blood pressure
lowering cholesterol
diet and exercise
Peripheral Artery Disease
build-up of plaque in the peripheral arteries
plaque consists of fat, cholesterol, and fibrous tissue
Arterial Ulcers
intermittent claudication of pain no edema no pulse or weak pulse, no drainage round smooth sores black eschar
Venous Ulcers
Dull, Achy pain lower leg edema pulse present drainage sores with irregular borders yellow slough or Ruddy Skin
Risk factors for developing PAD
atherosclerosis smoking poor diet high blood pressure increased blood sugar levels Age
what is the most common cause of PAD
atherosclerosis
PAD increases the risk of developing:
coronary heart disease
Myocardial infarction
cerebrovascular accident
transient ischemic attack
Transient ischemic attack
mini stroke
before any permanent damage is done
Clinical Presentations of PAD
pain numbness cramping color changes shiny skin weakened distal post
Intermittent Claudication
occurs during physical activity due to increased blood flow required by muscles
How often does intermittent claudication occur in PAD patients
10% of the time
Symptoms of intermittent claudication
pain or cramping in: butt, thighs, calves, feet
How to diagnose PAD
Doppler ultrasound, ABI, Angiography, Blood tests
angioplasty (PAD treatment)
restore blood flow
catheter with balloon is placed
stent may be placed to keep artery open
Atherectomy (PAD Treatment)
small cutting device placed into the blood artery with a catheter to remove plaque buildup
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
results due to spasms in the small arteries
Where is Raynaud’s most common
hands
Primary Raynaud’s
not related to an associated medical condition
common
Secondary Raynaud’s
due to underlying medical issue
age of 40
lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma
Raynaud Risk Factors
climate age substance exposure family history sex occupation
Raynaud Symptoms
decreased temperature numbness tingling skin color change stinging upon warmth ulcers in severe cases
Stage 1 Raynaud
area turns white due to lack of blood flow
Stage 2 Raynaud
Are turns blue due to lack of oxygen
Stage 3 Raynaud
area turns red as blood returns
Raynaud Intervention
reduction of tissue damage
addressing the underlying medical condition
minimizing the severity and number of attacks
Calcium Channel Blockers
dilates the small blood vessels
pill form
Vasodilators
dilates blood vessels (relax)
topical or pill
Nerve injections
injection of botox to block sympathetic nerves in the affected area
Surgical Innervations
nerve cutting to interrupt exaggerated response to stimuli
sympathectomy is performed using small incision
Buerger’s Disease
Thrombaugiitis obliteraus
Risk Factors Buerger
smoking (almost everyone diagnosed uses tobacco)
age (young/middle age male)
Buerger Disease Clinical Presentation
intermittent claudication progressing to pain while resting
decreased capillary and venous refilling time
change in skin color
Buerger Intervention
Smoking cessation
medication to dilate blood vessels and dissolve clots
amputation if infection or gangrene develops
