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Clinical Sciences > Diabetes Mellitus > Flashcards

Diabetes Mellitus Flashcards

1
Q

Diabetes

A

group of metabolic diseases which result from:

  • a combination of the defects and actions of insulin
  • defects in the secretion of insulin
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2
Q

what does diabetes often present with

A

hyperglycemia
metabolism disruption
blood vessel damage

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3
Q

microvascular diabetes complications

A

small blood vessels
retinopathy
nephropathy
neuropathy

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4
Q

macrovascular diabetes complications

A

damage to arteries
CVD - 68%
stroke - 16% due from stroke
PVD

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5
Q

Autonomic Neuropathy

A

results when nerves become damaged that manage bodily functions including: heart rate, sweating, bowel and bladder emptying, blood pressure, digestion

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6
Q

Type 1

A

inadequate production of insulin

usually diagnosed at young age

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7
Q

Type 2

A

insulin-resistant

most commonly diagnosed in adulthood

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8
Q

Gestational

A

Altered glucose metabolism due to increased pregnancy hormone levels

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9
Q

Insulin-Dependent DM

A

Type 1
juvenile-onest
childhood-onset

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10
Q

Type 1 Factors

A

presence of type 1 in a first-degree relative
little to no secretion of insulin
5010% of diabetic cases in North America

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11
Q

What cells are destroyed in Type 1 DM

A

pancreatic B-Cells

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12
Q

Type 2 Factors

A 
Most common type of diabetes 
can often be controlled by diet and exercise 
metabolic disorder 
tissue-wide insulin resistance 
reduced insulin levels
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13
Q

Type 2 Risk factors

A

ethnic origin (African American, Native American, Hispanic, Asian American, Pacific Islander)

Obesity 
Genetics 
Poor Diet 
PCOS 
>45 
vascular disease 
smoking
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14
Q

When is a fasting glucose test given

A

24th-28th week pregnancy

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15
Q

How much does having gestational diabetes increase risk of future development

A

50%

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16
Q

GD effect on child:

A

delayed fine motor skills
delayed gross motor skills
inattention, hyperactivity

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17
Q

Diagnosis of DM

A

Urinalysis, glucose tolerance tests, thirst, itchy skin, familial tendency, decreased hair growth

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18
Q

Semmes-Weinstein Test

A

Monofilaments used to map sensory loss

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19
Q

Semmes-Weinstein 10g results

A

protective/some sensation

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20
Q

Semmes-Weinstein 75g results

A

absent sensation

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21
Q

Type 1 Symptoms

A

frequent urination
increased thirst
increased appetite
blurred vision

22
Q

Polyuria

A

frequent urination

23
Q

polydipsia

A

increased thirst

24
Q

polyphagia

A

increased appetite

25
Q

retinopathy

A

Blurred vision
underlying microvascular occlusion of the retina
progressive areas of retinal ischemia and tissue death
vision impairment

26
Q

Type 2 symptoms

A 
gradual onset 
blurred vision 
neuropathic complications 
inflections 
significant blood lipid abnormalities
27
Q

Normal Fasting Plasma Glucose Test

A

<100 mg/dl

28
Q

Prediabetes Fasting Plasma Glucose Test

A

100-125 mg/dl

29
Q

Diabetes Fasting Plasa Glucose Test

A

> 125 mg/dl

30
Q

Atherosclerosis Type 1

A

Begins earlier, more extensive

changes large blood vessels

31
Q

Atherosclerosis Undiagnosed Type 2

A

significantly higher risk for CAD, CVA, PVD

smoking increases risk

32
Q

Nephropathy

A

kidney failure requiring dialysis or transplantation

presence of small amounts of albumin in urine

33
Q

What is the leading cause of end-stage renal disease

A

DM

34
Q

Dialysis

A

helps when filtration of the blood is compromised
hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
considered if kidneys filtering ability reduces to 10%

35
Q

Hemodialysis

A

use of a dialyzer to purify blood
treatment 4 hours, 3x a week
must be done until able to get a transplant

36
Q

Advantages to Hemodialysis

A

not required everyday

37
Q

disadvantages to hemodialysis

A

patients will need to check in with dialysis center to ensure opening

International travel can be costly

diet and fluid intake restrictions

38
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis

A

continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (4 per day)

automated (7-10 hours a day)

put insulin in dialysate

39
Q

Peritoneal Dialysis Advantages

A

more convenient scheduling
travel is easier
fewer diet and fluid restrictions

40
Q

Disadvantages of Peritoneal Dialysis

A

must be performed daily
infection of peritoneal
increased potential for lethargy
weight gain

41
Q

Infection

A

chronic, poorly controlled DM
significant risk for infection
skin, urinary tract, vaginal infections

42
Q

Motor Neuropathy

A

produced weakness and atrophy

diabetic amyotrophy

43
Q

Sensory Polyneuropathy

A

usually affecting hand and feet

causing mild tingling, burning, numbness or pain or complete loss of sensation

44
Q

Sensory Neuropathy

A

Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain

charcot food

45
Q

Wagner Ulceration Grade 0

A

no ulcer but high risk foot

46
Q

Wagner Ulceration Grade 1

A

superficial ulcer of skin or subcutaneous tissue

47
Q

Wagner Ulceration Grade 2

A

Deep Ulcer, no bony involvement or abscess

48
Q

Wagner Ulceration Grade 3

A

Deep ulcer with osteomyelitis

49
Q

Wagner Ulceration Grade 4

A

Localized gangrene (heel, toes, etc)

50
Q

Wagner Ulceration Grade 5

A

extensive gangrene of entire foot

Clinical Sciences (12 decks)

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