Valvular Diseases Flashcards
The heart has 4 valves
pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, mitral
Sound of the heart when the tricuspid and mitral valve close
S1
Sound of the heart when the aortic and pulmonar valve close
S2
Sound of the heart that is pathological
S4
Is when the valve doesn’t open properly
stenosis
Is when the valve doesn’t close properly
regurgitation
Normal aortic valve area:
3.5-4 cm2
Symptoms of aortic stenosis
angina pectoris, syncope, heart failure
Change in the aortic stenosis when the muscle growth in the inside the heart in the left ventricle
Concentric hypertrophy
Characteristic change in aortic stenosis
Compensatory change (concentric hypertrophy)
Types of causes of aortic stenosis
Congenital
Rheumatic
Degenerative
In congenital aortic stenosis the valve can be
unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid
Type of cause of aortic stenosis whit abnormal flow can lead to fibrosis and calcification of the leaflets.
congenital
Type of cause of aortic stenosis when there are tissue inflammation that results in adhesion and fusing of the commissures
rheumatic
Type of cause of aortic stenosis where leaflets become inflexible because of calcium deposition at the bases.
degenerative
Failure of the aortic valve to close tightly causes back flow of blood into the left ventricle
aortic regurgitation
In aortic regurgitation blood enters the ventricle from
left atrium and from aortic
Symptoms of aortic regurgitation
shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, hypotension
What happen in aortic regurgitation when the ventricular volume increase?
Increased Wall stress (laplace law)
Aortic pulse is widened
In aortic regurgitation de diastolic pressure ____ and de systolic pressure ____
decrease
increase
Characteristic change in aortic regurgitation
eccentric hypertrophy
Symptoms of mitral stenosis
dyspnea, fatigue, hemoptysis, orthopnea, palpitations, neurologic symptoms
Normal mitral valve area:
5-6 cm2
Clinically relevant mitral stenosis
<1 cm2
Types of causes of mitral stenosis
Rheumatic
Calcific
Congenital
Collagen-vascular disease
Is the most common type of cause in mitral stenosis
rheumatic
Type of cause in mitral stenosis where narrowing results from fusion and thickening of the commissures, cusps, and chordae tendineae.
rheumatic
Type of cause in mitral stenosis present during infancy or childhood
congenital
Type of cause in mitral stenosis that is related with LES and RA
collagen-vascular disease
Symptoms of mitral regurgitation
pulmonary edema, fatigue, palpitations
Blackflow of blood to left ventricule to left atrium
mitral regurgitation
The main cause of mitral regurgitation is
pulmonary hypertension
Mitral regurgitation could be ____ due to ventricular disfunction
primary or secondary
Types of mitral regurgitation
acute
chronic
Type of mitral regurgitation where the sistem doesn’t have enough time to compensated the changes so imidiately we have pulmmonary edema
acute
Type of mitral regurgitation whit a compensated mechanism so we can enlarge the left atrium and increase of the tick of te wall
chronic
Is the inflammation of the endocardium
endocarditis
The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis is
rheumatic fever
Symptoms of pulmonar regurgitation
Fatigue Difficult breathing Hert murmur Arrhythmia Chest pain
Mention the 3 main layers of the heart
epicardium, myocardium and endocardium
The most frequent area affected in endocarditis is the
mitral and aortic valves
Causes of endocarditis
bacterial infection on valve
bacterial infection on endocardial surface
free bacterial “vegetation systemic embolus”
If we have a patient with IV drugs with endocarditis, the most affected area is the
tricuspid valve
Organisms associated with endocarditis gram-negative bacteria
Haemophilus Aggregatibacter Cardiobacterium Eikenella corrodens Kingella
Infective endocarditis is usually due to this microorganisms
S. viridans
S. aureus
Microorganism that don’t destroy the valve in infective endocarditis
S. viridans
Microorganism that destroy the valve in infective endocarditis
S. aureus
