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Fisiopatología > Valvular Diseases > Flashcards

Valvular Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

The heart has 4 valves

A

pulmonary, aortic, tricuspid, mitral

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2
Q

Sound of the heart when the tricuspid and mitral valve close

A

S1

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3
Q

Sound of the heart when the aortic and pulmonar valve close

A

S2

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4
Q

Sound of the heart that is pathological

A

S4

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5
Q

Is when the valve doesn’t open properly

A

stenosis

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6
Q

Is when the valve doesn’t close properly

A

regurgitation

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7
Q

Normal aortic valve area:

A

3.5-4 cm2

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8
Q

Symptoms of aortic stenosis

A

angina pectoris, syncope, heart failure

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9
Q

Change in the aortic stenosis when the muscle growth in the inside the heart in the left ventricle

A

Concentric hypertrophy

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10
Q

Characteristic change in aortic stenosis

A

Compensatory change (concentric hypertrophy)

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11
Q

Types of causes of aortic stenosis

A

Congenital
Rheumatic
Degenerative

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12
Q

In congenital aortic stenosis the valve can be

A

unicuspid, bicuspid or tricuspid

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13
Q

Type of cause of aortic stenosis whit abnormal flow can lead to fibrosis and calcification of the leaflets.

A

congenital

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14
Q

Type of cause of aortic stenosis when there are tissue inflammation that results in adhesion and fusing of the commissures

A

rheumatic

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15
Q

Type of cause of aortic stenosis where leaflets become inflexible because of calcium deposition at the bases.

A

degenerative

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16
Q

Failure of the aortic valve to close tightly causes back flow of blood into the left ventricle

A

aortic regurgitation

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17
Q

In aortic regurgitation blood enters the ventricle from

A

left atrium and from aortic

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18
Q

Symptoms of aortic regurgitation

A

shortness of breath, pulmonary edema, hypotension

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19
Q

What happen in aortic regurgitation when the ventricular volume increase?

A

Increased Wall stress (laplace law)

Aortic pulse is widened

20
Q

In aortic regurgitation de diastolic pressure ____ and de systolic pressure ____

A

decrease

increase

21
Q

Characteristic change in aortic regurgitation

A

eccentric hypertrophy

22
Q

Symptoms of mitral stenosis

A

dyspnea, fatigue, hemoptysis, orthopnea, palpitations, neurologic symptoms

23
Q

Normal mitral valve area:

A

5-6 cm2

24
Q

Clinically relevant mitral stenosis

A

<1 cm2

25
Q

Types of causes of mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic
Calcific
Congenital
Collagen-vascular disease

26
Q

Is the most common type of cause in mitral stenosis

A

rheumatic

27
Q

Type of cause in mitral stenosis where narrowing results from fusion and thickening of the commissures, cusps, and chordae tendineae.

A

rheumatic

28
Q

Type of cause in mitral stenosis present during infancy or childhood

A

congenital

29
Q

Type of cause in mitral stenosis that is related with LES and RA

A

collagen-vascular disease

30
Q

Symptoms of mitral regurgitation

A

pulmonary edema, fatigue, palpitations

31
Q

Blackflow of blood to left ventricule to left atrium

A

mitral regurgitation

32
Q

The main cause of mitral regurgitation is

A

pulmonary hypertension

33
Q

Mitral regurgitation could be ____ due to ventricular disfunction

A

primary or secondary

34
Q

Types of mitral regurgitation

A

acute

chronic

35
Q

Type of mitral regurgitation where the sistem doesn’t have enough time to compensated the changes so imidiately we have pulmmonary edema

A

acute

36
Q

Type of mitral regurgitation whit a compensated mechanism so we can enlarge the left atrium and increase of the tick of te wall

A

chronic

37
Q

Is the inflammation of the endocardium

A

endocarditis

38
Q

The most common cause of tricuspid stenosis is

A

rheumatic fever

39
Q

Symptoms of pulmonar regurgitation

A 
Fatigue
Difficult breathing
Hert murmur 
Arrhythmia
Chest pain
40
Q

Mention the 3 main layers of the heart

A

epicardium, myocardium and endocardium

41
Q

The most frequent area affected in endocarditis is the

A

mitral and aortic valves

42
Q

Causes of endocarditis

A

bacterial infection on valve
bacterial infection on endocardial surface
free bacterial “vegetation systemic embolus”

43
Q

If we have a patient with IV drugs with endocarditis, the most affected area is the

A

tricuspid valve

44
Q

Organisms associated with endocarditis gram-negative bacteria

A 
Haemophilus 
Aggregatibacter
Cardiobacterium
Eikenella corrodens
Kingella
45
Q

Infective endocarditis is usually due to this microorganisms

A

S. viridans

S. aureus

46
Q

Microorganism that don’t destroy the valve in infective endocarditis

A

S. viridans

47
Q

Microorganism that destroy the valve in infective endocarditis

A

S. aureus

Fisiopatología (12 decks)

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