Immune System Flashcards
Function of immune system
Protect the body from external organisms
Components of immune system
Monocytes
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Granulocytic cells
Mention the primary lymphoid organs
Thymus and bone marrow
Mention the secondary lymphoid organs
Lymph nodes
Spleen
Gut associated lymphoid tissue
Thymus derive from the
3º and 4º faringeal aproach
In lymph nodes T lymphocytes are create in
medular and paracortical area
Function of the spleen
Filter and process antigens from the blood
Remove damaged cells
Antibodies are also known as
immunoglobulin (Ig)
Mention all the Ig
IgG IgE IgD IgM IgA
The main function of the antibodies is
bind with high affinity to an invasive organism
Specific part of the virus that will be recognized by antibodies
epitope
Types of immunity
Innate and adaptative
Immunity that doesn’t need a previous presentation to the antigen
innate immunity
Types of response of adaptive immunity
humoral and cellular
Humoral response is mediated by
B cells
Cellular response is mediated by
T cells (T naive cells)
We need ___ to our IS recognize the pathogens and attack against them and our body doesn’t attack by itself
MHC
MHC I activate
CD8
MHC II activate
CD4
Effector T cells have 2 different pathways
Be eliminated
Convert in memory T cells
Before to create an effector T cells, the T cells were
naive
Type I of hypersensitivity is mediated by
IgE
Type of hypersensitivity that is the classical example of the allergies
Type I
Some examples of type I hypersensitivity
asthma
rhinitis
In type I hypersensitivity when the IgE recognize the allergen the _____ of the allergen begin
degranulation
Type II of hypersensitivity is related with
IgG
IgM
Type of hypersensitivity that activate the complement cascade and result in the destruction of the antigen
Type II
An example of type II hypersensitivity
Graves Disease
Autoimmune disease caused by circulating autoantibodies where the thyroid stimulating Ig bind to an activate thyrotropin receptor
Graves Disease
GD cause an increased of
thyroid hormone
An example of type III hypersensitivity
lupus
An example of type IV hypersensitivity
multiple sclerosis, DM, RA
Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity
Type III
Delayed type hypersensitivity
Type IV
Antibody mediated hypersensitivity
Type II
Main difference between type II and III hypersensitivity
Type II: affect an specific organ
Type III: affect the whole body (is systemic)
The reactions of type IV hypersensitivity are mediated by Ab and
antigen specific T lymphocytes
Rheumatoid Arthritis are ____ hypersensitivity
type IV
Type I hypersensitivity is also called
immediate hypersensitivity
Explain the pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis
- Dendritic cells present the allergen to T naive cells
- T cells produce cytokines and Th2 cells
- T cells switch of B cells and produce IgE
- IgE start the degranulation of mast cells
In allergic rhinitis when IgE starts the degranulation of mast cells appears due to an
release of histamine
Types of mechanism in type II hypersensitivity
Cytotoxic response
Non-cytotoxic response
Mention the 4 types of cytotoxic response in type II hypersensitivity
- Cs (C1 binds to ab)
- Cs (membrane attack complex)
- Cs (opsonization + phagocytosis)
- Cs (ab dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity)
Mention the type of non-cytotoxic response in type II hypersensitivity
Ab mediated cellular dysfunction
Example of cytotoxic response where C1 binds to an ab
Goodpasture Sx
Example of cytotoxic response membrane attack complex
Hemolytic anemia
Example of non-cytotoxic response where
Graves Disease
Myasthenia
Is the excess of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
Explain the pathophysiology of GD
- B cells produce ab against thyroid proteins
- Thyroid stimulating immunoglobulin imitates TSH
- Hyperthyroidism
- Hyperplasia of thyroid
Autoimmune disease that affects multiple organs and causes redness of skin
LUPUS
Explain the pathophysiology of lupus
- Event lead to apoptosis
- B cells recognize and create antinuclear antibody
- Antigent Antibody Complex deposit into the body
- Local inflammation star
- Damage of the whole body
The major problem un transplantation immunology is the
immunology reaction against the transplant
Mention the 3 types of transplant rejection
- hyperacute
- acute
- chronic
How do we can avoid the hyperacute and acute rejection?
Cheking the MHC between donador and receptor
Hyperacute rejection is mediated by hypersensitive type
II
Acute rejection is mediated by hypersensitive type
IV
Chronic rejection is mediated by hypersensitive type
III and IV
How do we can avoid the acute rejection?
using immunosupresive treatment
Hyperacute rejection last from
minutes to hrs
Acute rejection last from
60-90 days
Chronic rejection last
over 90 days
Type of rejection where there are the complement activation, endothelial damage, inflammation and thrombosis
Hyperacute rejection
Type of rejection where there are parenchymal cell damage, interstitial and inflammation
Acute rejection
Type of rejection where there are a chronic DTH reaction in vessel wall, intimal smooth muscle cell proliferation and vessel occlusion
Chronic rejection
Types of vaccines for covid-19
Virus
Nucleic acid
Viral vector
Protein based
Type of vaccine for covid-19 where there is an alteration in genetic code and viral proteins
Virus weakened
Type of vaccine for covid-19 where the virus is dead an is not infectious
Virus inactivated
Type of vaccine for covid-19 where another virus is genetically modificaste to produce coronavirus proteins
Viral vector
Type of vaccine for covid-19 where there is a production to involve genetic material, not the virus. Also this encode the spike protein of the virus
Nucleic acid
Type of vaccine for covid-19 where we inject coronavirus proteins directly into the body
protein based
