Cancer Flashcards
Cellular growth, not responding to regulation processes
neoplasm
Dysplasia leads to
neoplasia
Generally the neoplasms are due to a
mutation
Characteristics of cancer
rapid
uncontrolled proliferation
loss of differentiation
Is the formation of cancer
carcinogenesis
Stages of carcinogenesis
- Initiation
- Promotion
- Progression
Stage of carcinogenesis that involve the exposure of the cells to environmental events such as DNA mutation, chemical, viruses or radiation
initiation
Stage of carcinogenesis where the mutated cells are exposed to hormones and promote the growth
promotion
Stage of carcinogenesis where the tumor invades and metastasizes
progression
In the stage of progression in the carcinogenesis the damage is
irreversible
Protein products that stimulate the cell growth and division
oncogenes
Is the positive regulation of cell cycle
oncogenes
What is an proto-oncogene?
precursor of oncogene
Is the negative regulation of cell cycle
tumor suppressor gene
Protein products stop cell cycle and promote apoptosis
tumor suppressor gene
The tumor suppressor gene is involved in
DNA repair
Tumor suppressor genes in normal cells
prevent cancer
DNA changes that inactivate tumor suppressor genes can lead to
uncontrolled cell growth
A tumor could be
benign or malignant
Type of tumor that are usually encapsulated
benign
A benign tumor ir encapsulated, that means that can’t
metastasize
Type of tumor that has an irregular shape and surface
malign
The malign tumor is encapsulated
false
A malignant tumor needs _____ to survive
angiogenesis
Clinical manifestations of cancer
anemia cachexia fatigue infections leukopenia thrombocytopenia pain
Is the decrease in the synthesis of leukocytes
leukopenia
Low platelets level
thrombocytopenia
Infections in cancer are due to
bone marrow depression
Anemia in cancer is due to
bad nutrition
chronic bleeding
Diagnosis for cancer
- Identify cancer cells
- Establish the cytology
- Type of cancer cells
The systemic effects of neoplasia could be
direct or indirect
Type of systemic effect of neoplasia that is unpredictable
indirect
