Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Cardio > Valvular Disease > Flashcards

Valvular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What does a clinical diagnosis in cardiology include?

A

Physical examination- murmurs and signs of heart failure
History - restriction and functional capacity
Investigations-
non-invasive,= echo
invasive = Cardiac catherization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of symptoms are characteristic of valvular disease?

A

Exertional symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Clinical history for valvular heart disease?

A

Chest pain
Breathlessness
Collapse/Dizzy spells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Cardiac breathlessness and valvular disease?

A

Usually related to activity
Often associated with ankle activity
Orthopnoea - SOB lying down
PND- attack of severe SOB and ocughing that wakes someone up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functional classification of Valvular disease?

A

Class 1- No limitation
Class 2- Slight limitation of ordinary activity
Class 3- Marked limitation of less than ordinary activity
Class 4- Severe limitation of minimal activity or at rest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is involved in a cardiology clinical exam?

A
  • General appearance
  • Arterial pulse- radial, carotid
  • Venous pulse- JVP
  • Palpation- apex, parasternal heave
  • Auscultation- Heart sounds and murmurs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

3 signs of right heart failure?

A

Raised JVP
Pitting oedema
Hepatic congestion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the apex beat in mitral stenosis?

A

Tapping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

When is the apex beat displaced and diffuse?

A

Left ventricular dilation (volume overload)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe the apex beat in left ventricular hypertrophy?>

A

Heaving
Maybe displaced
Pressure overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How to find the parasternal heave and what situation would it be present in?

A

Hand to the left of sternum

Right ventricular overload- cor pulmonale, pulmonary hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is a cardiac murmur?

A

Audible turbulence of blood flow

Can be either innocent or pathological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Process and points for describing a murmur?

A 
Systole or diastole 
What type of murmur
Where is it loudest 
Where does it radiate to 
What grade of murmur 
Influenced by respiration?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Process and points for describing a murmur?

A 
Systole or diastole 
What type of murmur
Where is it loudest 
Where does it radiate to 
What grade of murmur 
Influenced by respiration?
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What happens in the first heart sound?

A

Mitral and tricuspid valve shut

Start of systole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What happen sin 2nd heart sound?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valve shut

Start of diastole

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Phonogram of murmurs showing

  • Normal
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Aortic regurgitation
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Patient ductus arteriosus
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Types of systolic murmurs?

A

Pansystolic

Ejection systolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of diastolic murmur?

A

Early diastolic murmur

Mid diastolic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Pansystolic murmur diagram?

A

*

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Ejection systolic murmur diagram?

A

**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Early diastolic murmur diagram?

A

**

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Mid diastolic murmur diagram?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What condition does a murmur radiate to the carotids?

A

Aortic stenosis

25
Where does a mitral regurgitation murmur radiate to?
Axilla
26
Grading of murmurs?
``` 1= Very quiet 2= Quiet- easy to hear 3= Loud 4= Loud with a thrill 5= Very loud with a thrill 6= Loud- audible without stethoscope ```
27
Which murmurs are louder with respiration?
Right sided murmurs
28
What murmur has a 2nd heart sound splitting?
Aortic stenosis
29
Third heart sound splitting?
Aortic regurgitation
30
What heart sound is split in mitral stenosis?
4th heart sound
31
When is an innocent murmur present?
Tricuspid regurgitation
32
When is there a pericardial rub?
Mitral regurgitation
33
What additional heart sounds occurs in a continuous murmur?
Systolic clicks
34
Describe an innocent/functional murmur?
Soft Position dependent Often early systolic (diastolic murmurs are always pathological)
35
What is valvular stenosis?
Valves which do not open properly
36
What is valve regurgitation?
Valves which do not close properly
37
What is mixed valve disease
Valves which neither open nor close properly
38
Categories of aortic stenosis?
Degenerative Congenital Rheumatic
39
Symptoms of aortic stenosis?
Breathlessness Chest pain Dizziness/syncope
40
Signs of aortic stenosis?
Low volume pulse Forevful displaced apex Ejection systolic murmur that can radiate to the carotids
41
Aortic stenosis ECG?
*******
42
Treatment of aortic stenosis?
Conventional valve replacement Trans catheter aortic valve replacement (TAVI) Balloon aortic valvotomy (BAV)
43
Describe mechanical heart valves eg who would receive, drugs the would have, how long they last
Longevity Younger patients Warfarin
44
Describe bio-prosthetic valves?
Lasts 10 years No warfarin Older patients
45
AVR vs TAMI Trans catheter aortic valve replacement Aortic valve replacement
AVR= - Still preferred - Long term outcomes - No contra-indications - CAGB aswell TAMI= - Co-morbidity - Previous sternotomy
46
Causes of mitral regurgitation?
Leaflets- prolapsing, rheumatic,myxomatous (floppy) or endocarditis Chordae rupture - prolapse/ flail leaflet Papillary muscle rupture - ischaemic Annular dilation
47
Symptoms of mitral regurgitation?
Breathlessness Peripheral oedema Fatigue
48
Signs of mitral regurgitation?
Displaced apex | Pansystolic murmur
49
Treatment for mitral regurgitation?
Medication - diuretics and ACEI Surgery - Repair- (prolapse), replacement (degenerative) Percutaneous - Clips in infancy
50
Main cause of mitral stenosis?
Rheumatic
51
Symptoms of mitral stenosis?
Breathlessness Fatigue Palpitations (AF)
52
Signs of mitral stenosis?
Malar Flush Tapping apex beat Mid diastolic rumbling diastolic murmur localized to apex
53
Treatment of mitral stenosis?
Medication - Diuretics and treat AF Balloon valvuloplasty Surgery valve replacement
54
Causes of aortic regurgitation?
Leaflets- endocarditis, connective tissue diseases, rheumatic Annulas- marfans, aortic dissection
55
Symptoms of aortic regurgitation?
Breathlessness
56
Signs of aortic regurgitation?
Collapsing pulse Wide pulse pressure Displaced apex beat Early diastolic murmur left sternal edge
57
Treatment for aortic regurgitation?
``` Medication= ACE inhibitors Surfery= valve replacement, Symptoms and LV dilatation ```
58
Most common valve lessions?
aortic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, mitral stenosis and aortic regurgitation

Cardio (36 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions