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Common Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-cholesterol Drugs?

A

Statins
Fibrates
PCSK 9 Inhibitors

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2
Q

Examples of statins?

A

Simvastatin

Atorvastatin

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3
Q

Examples of PCSK 9 inhibitors?

A

Ecolocumab,

Alirocumab

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4
Q

What does PCSK stand for?

A

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9

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5
Q

Anti-hypertensive drugs?

A

Thiazide diueretics
Beta blockers
Vasodilators

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6
Q

Examples of vasodilators?

A

Calcium antagonists
Alpha blockers
ACE inhibitors
Angiotensin Receptor blockers

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7
Q

When are patients given fibrates fro high cholesterol?

A

When they can’t tolerate statins

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8
Q

What do statins do?

A

Blocks HMG Co-A reductase

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9
Q

What is HMG Co-A Reductase?

A

rate-controlling enzyme of the mevalonate pathway, the metabolic pathway that produces cholesterol and other isoprenoids.

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10
Q

What are statins used in?

A 
Hypercholesterolaemia 
Diabetes
Angina/MI
Stroke/Mini stroke (CVA/TIA)
High risk of- MI/CVA
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11
Q

Side effects of statins?

A

Myopathy

Rhabdomyolysis - renal failure

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12
Q

Myopthay

A

Disease where muscle fibers do not function properly- cause muscle spasms and muscular weakness

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13
Q

Rhabdomyolysis

A

Rhabdomyolysis is the breakdown of damaged skeletal muscle. Muscle breakdown causes the release of myoglobin into the bloodstream. … If you have too much myoglobin in your blood, it can cause kidney damage.

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14
Q

Example of a fibrate?

A

Bezafibrate

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15
Q

What are fibrates used in?

A

Hypertriglyceridaemia

Low HDL cholesterol

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16
Q

Symptoms of hypercholesterolemia?

A

Xanthomas- fatty deposits around tendons

Cholesterol deposits around eyes

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17
Q

What is used to treat familial hypercholesteroleamia?

A

PCSK 9 Inhibitors- alirocumba, evolocumab

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18
Q

How does PCSK- 9 inhibitor work?

A

By inhibiting the binding of PCSK 9 to LDLR, it increases the number of LDLRs available to clear LDL, thereby lowering LDL-C levels.
LDLR= low density lipoprotein receptors

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19
Q

What can high BP cause if not treated?

A

Stroke, aterioschlerosis, kidney failure, heart attack/heart failure, blindness

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20
Q

What do Diuretics do?

A

Block Na+ reabsorption in kidneys

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21
Q

What are thiazide diuretics sued for?

A

Mild hypertension eg bendrofluazide

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22
Q

Which is stronger loop diuretics or thiazide?

A

Loop

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23
Q

What are loop diuretics used for?

A

Heart failure

example of one-Furosemide

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24
Q

Side effects of diuretics?

A 
Hypokalaemia (tired)
Arrhythmias 
Hyperglycaemia (diabetes)
Increased uric acid= gout 
Impotence
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25
Q

What do beta blockers do?

A

Block B1 &B2 adrenoceptors

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26
Q

What do cardioselective beta blockers do?

A

Only block Beta 1 receptors

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27
Q

What are cardioselective beta blockers used in?

A 
Angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Hypertension 
Heart failure
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28
Q

What do non-selective B blockers do?

A

Block B1 and B2 receptors

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29
Q

Examples of non selective beta blockers

A

Propranolol

carvedilol (alpha and beta blocker)

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30
Q

Examples of cardioselective B blockers?

A

Atenolol

Bisoprolol

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31
Q

What are non-selective Beta blockers used for?

A

Thryotoxicosis- XS of thyroid hormone in body

Migraine

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32
Q

Beta blocker side effects?

A

Asthma- contraindicated for brittle/severe asthma
Tired
Heart Failure- can worsen heart failure in short term
Cold peripheries

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33
Q

How many types of calcium antagonists?

A

2

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34
Q

The types of calcium antagonist?

A

Dihydropyridines

Rate limiting calcium antagonists

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35
Q

Example of dihydropyridines?

A

Amlodipine

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36
Q

What are dihydropyridines used for?

A

Hypertension and angina

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37
Q

Side affects of dihydropyridines? common question

A

Ankle oedma

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38
Q

Examples of rate limiting calcium antagonists?

A

Verapamil

Diltiazem

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39
Q

What are rate limiting calcium antagonist used in?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Supraventricular Arrhythmias (AF, SVT)- atrial fibrilation,
Supraventricular tachycardia

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40
Q

What are calcium antagonists used to treat?

A

Hypertension and angina

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41
Q

What can’t you use rate limiting calcium antagonists with?

A

Beta blockers

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42
Q

What do angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors do?

A

Block angiotensin 1 from becoming angiotensin 2

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43
Q

Example of an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor?

A

Lisinopril

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44
Q

What are angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors used for?

A

Hypertension

Heart Failure

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45
Q

When are ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers good for the kidneys?

A

Diabetic nephropathy

46
Q

When are ACE inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers bad for the kidneys?

A

Renal artery stenosis

47
Q

Side effects of angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors?

A

Cough
Renal dysfunction
Angioneurotic oedema

48
Q

When do you not use ACE inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

In pregnancy induced hypertension

49
Q

What do patients who cant have ACE inhibitors usually have instead?

A

Angiotensin receptor blockers

50
Q

What do angiotensin receptor blockers do?

A

Block angiotensin 2 receptors

51
Q

Example of an angiotensin 2 receptor?

52
Q

What are angiotensin receptor blockers used for?

A

Hypertension and heart failure

53
Q

Side effects of angiotensin receptor blockers?

A

Renal dysfunction

No cough

54
Q

What do alpha blockers do?

A

Block alpha adrenoceptors to cause vasodilation

55
Q

What are alpha blockers used in?

A

Hypertension

Prostatic hypertrophy

56
Q

Example of an alpha blocker?

57
Q

Side effects of alpha blockers?

A

Postural hypotension

58
Q

What do mineralocorticoid antagonists do?

A

Block aldosterone receptors

59
Q

What are mineralocorticoid antagonists used to treat?

A

Heart failure

Resistant hypertension

60
Q

Examples of mineralocorticoid antagonists?

A

eplerenone

spironolactone

61
Q

Side effects of mineralocorticoid?

A

Gynaecomastia- moobs
Hyperkalaemia- high blood potassium levels
Renal impairment

62
Q

Anti-anginal vasodilators?

A 
Nitrates 
Nicorandil (K ATP channel opener)
Calcium antagonists (Dihydropyridines)
63
Q

Anti-anginal drugs that slow heart rate?

A

Beta blockers
Calcium antagonists (Diltiazem, verapamil)
Ivabradine

64
Q

Anti-anginal metabolic modulator?

A

Ranolazine (late sodium channel modulator)

Modulating cardiac metabolism

65
Q

What do nitrates do?

A

They are venodilators

66
Q

Examples of nitrates?

A

Isosorbide monoritrate

67
Q

What are nitrates used to treat?

A

Angina

Acute heart failure

68
Q

Side effects of nitrates?

A

Headache

Hypotension/collapse

69
Q

What is common procedure when treating with nitrates?

A

8 hour per day nitrate free

70
Q

What is nicorandil used for?

A

It is a potassium channel activator

71
Q

Side effects of nicorandil?

A

Headache

Mouth/GI ulcers

72
Q

What does ivabradine do?

A

I(f) channel modulator in the sinus node

73
Q

Side effects of ivabradine?

A

Altered visual disturbance

74
Q

When does ivabradine slow heart rate?

A

Only in sinus rhythm doesn’t work in atrial fibrillation

75
Q

What is ranolazine?

A

Late sodium channel modulator

76
Q

What does ranolazine do?

A

Decreases calcium load on heart

77
Q

What is ranolazine effective in?

A

Refractory angina

78
Q

Anti-thrombatic drugs?

A

Antiplatelet drugs
Anticoagulants
Fibrinolytics

79
Q

Examples of antiplatelet drugs?

A

Aspirin, Clopidogrel, Prasugrel, Ticagrelor

80
Q

Examples of anticoagulants?

A 
Heparin 
Fondaparinux
Warfarin 
Rivaroxaban 
Dabigatran
Edoxaban
81
Q

Example of fibrinolytics?

A

Streptokinase

tPA

82
Q

What do antiplatelet agents prevent?

A

New thrombosis

83
Q

What are antiplatelet drugs used in?

A

Angina
acute MI
CVA/TIA
patients at high risk of MI/CVA

84
Q

Side effects of antiplatelet drugs?

A

Haemorrhage anywhere
Peptic ulcer-> haemorrhage
Aspirin sensitivity -> asthma (aspirin is antiplatlet drug)

85
Q

How heparin is administered?

86
Q

How warfarin is adminsitered?

A

Oral only

It blocks clotting factors (2, 7, 9, 10)

87
Q

What do anticoagulants do?

A

Prevent new thrombosis

88
Q

What are anticoagulants used in?

A

Deep vein thrombosis
Pulmonary embolism
Atrial fibrillation
NSTEMI- Non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.

89
Q

Side effects of anti-coagulants?

A

Haemorrhage anywhere

90
Q

Directions of use for anti-coagulants?

A

Control dose carefully by international normalised ratio

91
Q

How are anticoagulants reversed?

A

Vitamin K

  • Rivaroxaban
  • Dabigtran
92
Q

What do fibrinolytic drugs do?

A

Dissolve a formed clot

93
Q

When do you use fibrinolytic drugs?

A

Use in STEMI
Pulmonary embolism
CVA

94
Q

Side effects of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

serious risk of haemorrhage

95
Q

When to avoid using fibrinolytic drugs?

A 
Recent haemorrhage- some CVAs 
Trauma 
Bleeding tendencies 
Severe diabetic retinopathy 
Peptic ulcer
96
Q

Heart failure drugs?

A 
ACE inhibitors 
ARBs
Beta blockers 
Mineralocorticoid antagonists 
Neprilysin Inhibitors 
Diuretics
Digoxin
97
Q

Two effects of digoxin?

A

Blocks atrial-ventricular (AV) conduction
- produces a degree of AV conduction delay

Increases ventricular irritability which produces ventricular arrhythmias

98
Q

What is digoxin good to treat?

A

Atrial fibrillation

99
Q

Why is it bad if digoxin is given in XS?

A

Heart rate falls too much giving bradychardia and heart block

100
Q

Digoxin side effects/toxicity?

A 
Nausea 
vomiting 
Yellow vision 
Bradychardia 
Heart block 
Ventricular arrhythmias
101
Q

Example of Neprilysin inhibitor?

A

Salcubitril Valsartan

102
Q

What is neprilysin inhibitor?

A

ARB and endopeptidase inhibitor

103
Q

Side effects of neprilysin inhibitor?

A

Hypotension
Renal impairment
Hyperkalaemia
Angioneurotic oedema

104
Q

What are diuretics used in?

A

Chronic cardiac failure (CCF)
Hypertension

NOT gout

105
Q

What are B-blockers used to treat?

A

Angina
Hypertension (PVD)
CCF

NOT asthma

106
Q

What are ACE inhibitors/ARB used in?

A

CCF

Hypertension

107
Q

What is salcubitril Valsartan used to treat?

108
Q

What is Ivabradine used to treat?

A

CCF

Angina

109
Q

What are Ca++ antagonists used to treat ?

A

Hypertension

Angina

110
Q

What are mineralocorticoids antagonists used ti treat?

A

CCF

Hypertension

111
Q

What are nitrates used to treat?

A

Angina

CHF- Congestive heart failure

112
Q

Biggest side effect of iysinprol?

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