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Cardio > Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart > Flashcards

Clinically relevant anatomy of the heart Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the phrenic nerve?

A

Descending across the lateral borders of the pericardium

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2
Q

Where is the pericardial cavity?

A

Between the 2 layers of serous pericardium

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3
Q

What is the anterior surface of the heart covered by?

A

Epicardium

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4
Q

What does the epicardium do?

A

Secretes pericardial fluid into pericardial cavity

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5
Q

What happens if the pericardial cavity fills with blood?

A

The pressure around the heart can prevent cardiac contraction (cardiac tamponade)

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6
Q

What is it called when the pericardial cavity fills with blood?

A

Haemopericardium

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7
Q

What does parietal mean?

A

Something in contact with body walls or organs

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8
Q

What is the epicardium also known as?

A

Visceral serous pericardium

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9
Q

3 layers of the pericardium?

A

Fibrous pericardium
Parietal serous pericardium
Visceral serous pericardium

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10
Q

What is pericardiocentesis?

A

Draining fluid from the pericardial cavity

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11
Q

How is the needle inserted in pericardiocentesis?

A

Via infrasternal angle
Directed superoposteriorly
Aspirating continuously

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12
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus?

A

Space within the pericardial cavity, posterosuperiorly

Lies posterior to the pulmonary trunk and ascending aorta

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13
Q

What is the transverse pericardial sinus used for?

A

Cardiac surgeons use it to identify and isolate the great vessels in order to commence cardiopulmonary bypass

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14
Q

What does pericardium look like in diagrams?

A

Grey sack surrounding heart

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15
Q

What does pulmonary trunk divide into?

A

Right and left pulmonary arteries

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16
Q

Biggest looking vessel? and ones either side of it

A

Aorta then pulmonary trunk then superior vena cava

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17
Q

What lies inferior to the aorta etc?

A

Pulmonary veins (4) and then inferior vena cava is a bit more inferior

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18
Q

Clinically important surfaces of the heart?

A

Anterior (sternocostal)
Diaphragmatic (inferior)
Base (posterior)

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19
Q

Clinically important borders of the heart?

A

Right (lateral) border
Left (lateral) border
Inferior border (normally on right ventricle)
Superior border

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20
Q

Clinically important point on heart?

A

Apex

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21
Q

Where do you palpate the apex beat?

A

5th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

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22
Q

What are pulmonary trunk and pulmonary arteries carrying?

A

Deoxygenated blood to lungs

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23
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A

Right and left subclavian vein

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24
Q

What is an auricle?

A

Extension of right atrium (it’s like an overfill area)

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25
Q

What does the coronary groove show?

A

Where right atrium becomes ventricle

26
Q

What is on either side of the trachea?

A

Right and left carotid artery

27
Q

Anterior inter-ventricular groove?

A

Separates ventricles and a branch of the left coronary artery is in it

28
Q

What is in the coronary groove?

A

Right coronary artery

29
Q

What does the coronary groove indicate?

A

Surface marking for the tricuspid valve

30
Q

Base surface?

A

All of the posterior left atrium

31
Q

What separates base and diaphragmatic surface?

A

Coronary sinus vein

32
Q

Diaphragmatic surface?

A

The posterior ventricles

33
Q

Where do the coronary arteries arise from?

A

Ascending aorta

34
Q

Where is the right coronary artery?

A

In coronary (right atrioventricular) groove

35
Q

Where is the left (main stem) coronary artery?

A

In left atrioventricular groove between pulmonary trunk and left auricle

36
Q

After the first branch of the aorta?

A

Coronary arteries NOT brachiocephalic trunk

37
Q

What does the left coronary artery give way to?

A

Left anterior descending (LAD)(anterior interventricular artery) and this then branches into the lateral/diagonal branch

38
Q

Where does venous blood ultimately drain back to?

A

Coronary sinus

39
Q

What is the coronary sinus?

A

The coronary sinus is a short venous conduit (in the atrioventricular groove posteriorly) which receives deoxygenated blood from most of the cardiac veins and drains into the right atrium

40
Q

What does a septum do?

A

Divides the heart into right and left side

41
Q

Septum between the 2 atria is called?

A

Interatrial septum - position indicated by interatrial groove

42
Q

Septum between ventricles is called?

A

Interventricular septum - indicated by anterior inter-ventricular groove

43
Q

Why a septal defect is bad?

A
  • can allow mixing of arterial and venous blood in the heart
  • mixed arterial and venous blood reduced oxygen content of systemic arterial blood in the aorta
  • This is called hypoxaemia
44
Q

How many cardiac valves are there?

A

4

45
Q

Where generally are the cardiac valves?

A

One valve at the exit of each cardiac chamber

46
Q

Where is the pulmonary valve?

A

Between pulmonary trunk and and right ventricle

47
Q

Where is the mitral (bicuspid) valve?

A

Between left atrium and left ventricle

48
Q

Where is the aortic valve?

A

Between the left ventricle and the aorta

49
Q

Where is the tricuspid valve?

A

Between right atrium and right ventricle

50
Q

What valves cause the lub sound?

A

The tricuspid and mitral

51
Q

What valves cause the dub sound?

A

Pulmonary and aortic valve

52
Q

Tricuspid cusps?

A

Anterior, posterior and septal

53
Q

Pulmonary valve cusps?

A

anterior right and left cusps

54
Q

Aortic valve cusps?

A

Right, left and posterior cusps and sinuses (spaces within cusps)

55
Q

What arises from the left and right aortic sinuses?

A

Coronary arteries

56
Q

What side is tricuspid valve on?

Mitral?

A

Right

Left

57
Q

What is moderator band?

A

Carries fibres of right bundle branch to the papillary muscle of the anterior cusp.

58
Q

Where would you auscultate the aortic valve?

A

2nd right intercostal space at sternal edge

59
Q

Where would you auscultate the pulmonary valve?

A

2nd left ICS sternal edge

60
Q

Where would you auscultate the tricuspid valve?

A

4th left ICS sternal edge (lower left sternal edge)

61
Q

Where would you auscultate the mitral valve?

A

5th left ICS midclavicular line

Cardio (36 decks)

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