Vaccines- Lecture 10/19/21

Question 1

Types of vaccines (platforms) (6)

Answer 1

• Live, attenuated
• Killed (inactivated) whole agents
• Subunit
• Virus like particles
• Viral vector (Johnson and Johnson COVID)
• Nucleic acid (mRNA) (moderna and Pfizer COVID)

Question 2

Types of subunit vaccines

Answer 2

• Surface or structural proteins
• Toxoid (Inactive toxin)
• Pure polysaccharide
• Polysaccharide-protein conjugate

Question 3

Live, attenuated vaccine advantages (4)

Answer 3

• Response is similar to natural infection
• Elicits strong innate response leading to robust adaptive response
• Elicits both humoral immunity and CMI
• Can often induce lifetime memory with just 1-2 doses

Question 4

Live, attenuated disadvantages

Answer 4

• Immunodeficient individuals may not be able to contain weakened virus
• Safety concerned during pregnancy
• Requires multiple mutations to prevent genetic reversion to WT

Question 5

Virus- like particle

Answer 5

Made in lab, no nucleic acid so not infection

Question 6

Conjugate vaccines

Answer 6

Prepared by linking polysaccharide antigens to a protein antigen, use to elicit robust T-cell response from non-proteinaceous antigens (memory response as well)

Question 7

Genetic vaccines

Answer 7

Deliver genetic code for the antigen to the cell

Question 8

Adjuvants

Answer 8

Provoke local inflammation in vaccines, triggering the maturation of Dendritic cells necessary for the activation of a T cell response

Question 9

Herd immunity

Answer 9

If a significant proportion of the population is vaccinated against a pathogen, those who are not immune are indirectly protected

Question 10

Ro

Answer 10

The higher the number, the more infection (Amount of people that one case can infect if no one immunized)

Question 11

Impact of Ro on herd immunity

Answer 11

The higher the Ro, the higher the number of people that need to be immunized in order to protect against an outbreak