Vaccines/Immunology Flashcards
- Short life span
- Phagocytic WBC with bactericidal granules
- Phagocytosis of antigens and then destruction with lysosomes
Neutrophils
- Located in circulatory system and lymphoid tissue
(spleen and lymph nodes) - Important for initiating immune response
- Responsible for locating, engulfing and
destroying pathogens - The BIG EATER!
Macrophages
Macrophages _________ most of the antigen
engulf
Macrophages can phagocytize these antigens
Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Toxins
Cancer Cells
Pollen
True or False - 100% of the antigen are destroyed by macrophages process
False - only approximately 90%
What are T-lymphocytes?
Cell-mediated immunity
Do not produce antibodies
Attracted to processed macrophages
What are the 4 types of T-Cells?
Helper
Killer
Suppressor
Memory
- Attract B-lymphocytes to the area
- Also bind to processed macrophage
— Acts as a signal to cause multiplication of killer T-cells
Helper T-Cells
- responsible for killing certain types of antigens
- ie. Viruses, intracellular bacteria, tumor cells, foreign grafts, protozoa, fungi
Killer T-Cells
When the immune reaction is almost complete
suppressor T-cells are activated and suppress the
T-helpers and B-lymphocytes. (a feedback
mechanism)
Suppressor T-Cells
- Long lived T-lymphocyte
- Invoke a quick response if the same antigen is
encountered in the future
Memory
What are 2 types of B-lymphocytes
Antibody forming B-Cells
Memory B-cells
What is anamnestic response?
When specific antigen is encountered again, b-cells responsible for producing specific antibodies against the antigen will produce them in greater numbers and quicker
What are the two types of acquired immunity?
Passive
Active
How do you get passive immunity?
Maternal/Colostrum
Ready-Made Antibodies
How can you get active immunity?
Vaccines
Natural Infection
What are the 3 types of vaccines?
Killed
Modified Live
Recombinant
True of False - Killed vaccines only use part of the pathogen organism
False - uses whole part of pathogen that has been killed.
What is the goal of a killed vaccine?
Produce little to no change to the antigenicity of the organism
What are the advantages of killed vaccines?
Unlikely to cause disease since organism is dead
Stable in storage
What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?
Do not stimulate immune system as well = often require multiple doses
Duration of immunity is not as strong
Adjuvants are added to increase immunity response but can cause irritation
Only induce humoral response
How do adjuvants work?
Inflammation improves immune response
Prolong immune response
What is a modified live vaccine (MLV)?
Uses living organism that has been
changed/modified to stimulate the animal’s
immune system
Goal is not to cause disease but still provide
protection when faced with the original organism
What are the advantages of MLV?
Stronger immune response
Longer immunity
Less local reactions
What are the disadvantages of MLV?
Many prevent disease in certain organs but cause disease elsewhere in the body
Not stable once constituted
