Vaccines/Immunology

Question 1

• Short life span
• Phagocytic WBC with bactericidal granules
• Phagocytosis of antigens and then destruction with lysosomes

Answer 1

Neutrophils

Question 2

• Located in circulatory system and lymphoid tissue
  (spleen and lymph nodes)
• Important for initiating immune response
• Responsible for locating, engulfing and
  destroying pathogens
• The BIG EATER!

Answer 2

Macrophages

Question 3

Macrophages _________ most of the antigen

Answer 3

engulf

Question 4

Macrophages can phagocytize these antigens

Answer 4

Bacteria
Fungi
Viruses
Toxins
Cancer Cells
Pollen

Question 5

True or False - 100% of the antigen are destroyed by macrophages process

Answer 5

False - only approximately 90%

Question 6

What are T-lymphocytes?

Answer 6

Cell-mediated immunity
Do not produce antibodies
Attracted to processed macrophages

Question 7

What are the 4 types of T-Cells?

Answer 7

Helper
Killer
Suppressor
Memory

Question 8

• Attract B-lymphocytes to the area
• Also bind to processed macrophage
  — Acts as a signal to cause multiplication of killer T-cells

Answer 8

Helper T-Cells

Question 9

• responsible for killing certain types of antigens
• ie. Viruses, intracellular bacteria, tumor cells, foreign grafts, protozoa, fungi

Answer 9

Killer T-Cells

Question 10

When the immune reaction is almost complete
suppressor T-cells are activated and suppress the
T-helpers and B-lymphocytes. (a feedback
mechanism)

Answer 10

Suppressor T-Cells

Question 11

• Long lived T-lymphocyte
• Invoke a quick response if the same antigen is
  encountered in the future

Answer 11

Memory

Question 12

What are 2 types of B-lymphocytes

Answer 12

Antibody forming B-Cells
Memory B-cells

Question 13

What is anamnestic response?

Answer 13

When specific antigen is encountered again, b-cells responsible for producing specific antibodies against the antigen will produce them in greater numbers and quicker

Question 14

What are the two types of acquired immunity?

Answer 14

Passive
Active

Question 15

How do you get passive immunity?

Answer 15

Maternal/Colostrum
Ready-Made Antibodies

Question 16

How can you get active immunity?

Answer 16

Vaccines
Natural Infection

Question 17

What are the 3 types of vaccines?

Answer 17

Killed
Modified Live
Recombinant

Question 18

True of False - Killed vaccines only use part of the pathogen organism

Answer 18

False - uses whole part of pathogen that has been killed.

Question 19

What is the goal of a killed vaccine?

Answer 19

Produce little to no change to the antigenicity of the organism

Question 20

What are the advantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 20

Unlikely to cause disease since organism is dead
Stable in storage

Question 21

What are the disadvantages of killed vaccines?

Answer 21

Do not stimulate immune system as well = often require multiple doses
Duration of immunity is not as strong
Adjuvants are added to increase immunity response but can cause irritation
Only induce humoral response

Question 22

How do adjuvants work?

Answer 22

Inflammation improves immune response
Prolong immune response

Question 23

What is a modified live vaccine (MLV)?

Answer 23

Uses living organism that has been
changed/modified to stimulate the animal’s
immune system
Goal is not to cause disease but still provide
protection when faced with the original organism

Question 24

What are the advantages of MLV?

Answer 24

Stronger immune response
Longer immunity
Less local reactions

Question 25

What are the disadvantages of MLV?

Answer 25

Many prevent disease in certain organs but cause disease elsewhere in the body
Not stable once constituted