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Pharmacy > Anti-inflammatories > Flashcards

Anti-inflammatories Flashcards

1
Q

What is the inflammatory response?

A

Body’s response to injury

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2
Q

True or False - “injury” can include trauma, chemical agents, antigens

A

True

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3
Q

____________ cells release inflammatory mediators

A

damaged

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4
Q

What are some inflammatory mediators?

A

Prostaglandins
Leukotrienes (mast cells + basophils)
Histamine
Cytokines

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5
Q

What do Inflammatory mediators do?

A

Signal body to:
- Destroy & remove deleterious agents
- Sequester injury to localized area
- Repair any damaged areas

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6
Q

What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

A

Heat
Swelling
Pain
Redness

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7
Q

________ temperature = sign of inflammation

A

Elevated

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8
Q

Increased blood flow leads to which 2 signs?

A

Heat
Redness

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9
Q

____________ stimulate the ____________ to increase body temperature

A

Prostaglandins, hypothalamus

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10
Q

What are pyogens?

A

They can cause fever

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11
Q

________ increases biochemical reaction rate

A

Fever

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12
Q

True or false - Increased blood flow leads to dilution of offending agents with plasma

A

True

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13
Q

What is occurring redness

A

Increased blood flow brings:
- Fibrin to immobilize offending agent
- Brings phagocytic cells to clean up antigens and damaged cells

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14
Q

Inflammatory mediators ___________ permeability of __________ ___________ @ site of damage

A

Increase, blood vessels

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15
Q

What does swelling response allow for?

A

Leukocytes and antibodies to reach damaged cells

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16
Q

What is a protective mechanism?

A

Pain

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17
Q

Inflammatory mediators stimulate ___________ of nerve endings

A

sensitization

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18
Q

What are the 3 types of anti-inflammatories?

A

NSAIDs
Glucocorticosteriods
DMSO

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19
Q

What steroids are produced in the adrenal medulla?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

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20
Q

What steroids are produced in the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids
Mineralcorticoids
Adrenal sex hormones

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21
Q

What do natural glucocorticoids contribute to?

A

CHO, protein and lipid metabolism, anti-inflammatory effects

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22
Q

What do mineralcorticoids contribute to?

A

Water & electrolyte balance

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23
Q

What are the two adrenal sex hormones produced?

A

Androgens
Estrogens

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24
Q

True or False - Adrenal Sex Hormones are produced in small amounts & have minimal effects

A

True

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25
Q

True or False - Adrenocorticoids have absolute glucocorticoid or mineral corticoid activity

A

False - can have some of both but one is dominant

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26
Q

Which anti-inflammatory blocks inflammatory response early?

A

Glucocorticoids

27
Q

What do glucocorticoids block formation of?

A

Prostaglandins
Thromboxanes
Leukotrines

28
Q

True or False - NSAIDs are as effective as glucocorticoids

A

False

29
Q

What do NSAIDs block formation of?

A

Prostaglandins and Thromboxanes

30
Q

Glucocorticoids affect glucose metabolism in what way?

A

Stimulates gluconeogenesis (contraindicted in diabetics)
Increases glucose utilization by the cells

31
Q

What catabolism processes do glucocorticoids affect?

A

Protein (amino acids from muscle to liver)
Lipid

32
Q

Glucocorticoids promotes which anti-inflammatory effects?

A

Promotes vasoconstriction
Decreases capillary permeability=results in decrease loss of plasma
Stabilize cell membranes, so no release of inflammatory mediators
Decreases histamine and interleukin synthesis
Blocks arachidonic acid production

33
Q

What immunosupressive effects do glucocorticoids cause?

A

Decreases:
- Synthesis of macrophages and monocytes
- Phagocytosis
- Lymphocytes and eosinophils
- Antibody formation
- Neutrophil migration

34
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on the CNS?

A

Increases BG, results in improved mood, behaviour and appetite

35
Q

What effect do glucocorticoids have on mineralcorticoid activity?

A

Mild activity
Results in sodium and water retention

36
Q

What are 7 uses for glucocorticoids?

A

Shock
Anti-inflammatory
Immunosuppressive
Addison’s Disease
Chemotherapy
Ketosis in cows
Induce abortion in last trimester

37
Q

True of False - Glucocorticoids are used as a low dose IV for vasoconstriction in shock situations

A

False - High dose

38
Q

Glucocorticoids are used in ___________ or __________ shock

A

septic, endotoxic

39
Q

What are 2 common anti-inflammatory situations for glucocorticoids to be used?

A

Arthritis
Allergic reactions
Skin conditions

40
Q

What are 2 common immunosuppressive situations for glucocorticoids to be used?

A

Autoimmune diseases (AIHA)
Allergic Reactions

41
Q

True or False - Addison’s disease is hypoadrenocorticism

A

True

42
Q

When treating addison’s disease, glucocorticoids replace __________

A

corticosterioids

43
Q

Glucocorticoids are used for chemotherapy of which type of cancer?

A

Malignancies ie. Lymphosarcoma’s

44
Q

What process do glucocorticoids cause when used for ketosis in cows?

A

Gluconeogenesis

45
Q

How do glucocorticoids work for inducing labor?

A

Stimulates release of fetal cortisol
Premature birthing process

46
Q

What are short term toxicities of glucocorticoids? (less than 2 weeks)

A

PU/PD
Increased susceptibility to infection

47
Q

What are long term toxicities of glucocorticoids?

A

Iatrogenic Cushing’s (Hyperadrenocorticism)
Iatrogenic Addison’s (Hypoadrenocorticsm)
Gastric Ulceration
Osteoporosis
Impaired wound healing
Pancreatitis
Nephrotoxicity

48
Q

True or False - Too much glucocorticoids cause cushing’s?

A

True

49
Q

True or False - Chronic therapy with abrupt cessation causes addisons?

A

True

50
Q

____________ help with maintenance of the mucous barrier in stomach

A

Prostaglandins

51
Q

True or False - Prostaglandins reduce hydrochloric acid production

A

True

52
Q

What is Osteoporosis?

A

Catabolism of protein in bone marrow

53
Q

What can pancreatitis lead to?

A

Diabetes Mellitus through B-cell exhaustion

54
Q

What are 5 ways to decrease toxicity?

A

Use only when necessary
Use small of dose as possible
Use as large dose interval as possible
Treat only as long as necessary
Always wean animals off dose rather than abruptly

55
Q

What does NSAIDs stand for?

A

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

56
Q

What are 4 characteristics for NSAIDs

A

Block prostaglandins formation
Not as effective as steroids
Fewer side effects
Have analgesic & antipyretic properties

57
Q

What is an antipyretic?

A

Blocks hypothalamic response to prostaglandin to “reset the thermometer”

58
Q

NSAIDs __________ platelet aggregation

A

decreases

59
Q

True or False - NSAIDs inhibit the COX enzyme

A

True

60
Q

What are the two types of COX enzyme?

A

COX-1 = participates in daily cell function
COX-2 = Induced inflammation

61
Q

What are the 5 common uses for NSAIDs?

A

Analgesia
Antipyretic
Anti-Inflammatory
Septic Shock
Anti-Thrombotic

62
Q

What are the toxicities of NSAIDs

A

Gastric irritation and ulceration
Nephrotoxicity
Decreased platelet aggregation
Decreased metabolism and excretion in cats
Hepatotoxicity reports with carprofen in dogs
Ibuprofen is contraindicated in small animals
Phenylbutazone, very irritating if injected SQ or IM

63
Q

What is DMSO?

A

Dimethyl Sulfoxide, is a potent solvent
Penetrates skin easily

64
Q

What are toxicities for DMSO?

A

Garlic taste when absorbed in the skin (WHERE GLOVES)
Teratogenic
Lenticular changes have been noted in dogs and rabbits when it is used chronically and at high doses
Rare cases of hepatotoxicity and renal toxicity

Pharmacy (9 decks)

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