Anti-Infectives Flashcards
What is Antibacterial?
Any agent that inhibits bacterial growth, impedes the replication or kills bacteria
What is antibiotic?
Agent produced by or derived from certain fungi, bacteria and other microorganisms, that can destroy or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms
What is an antimicrobal?
Agent that kills microorganisms or suppresses their multiplication or growth
What is a bactericidal?
Kills bacteria
What is a bacteriostatic?
Inhibits bacteria replication
What are Beta-Lactamase?
Enzyme (produced by certain bacteria) that destroys the beta-lactam ring (effectiveness of certain antibiotics)
Within an artificial environment
In Vitro
Within the living organism
In Vivo
What is Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)?
Lowest concentration of an antimicrobial that macroscopically inhibits the growth of an organism (in vitro)
Equals the degree of susceptibility of the organism to a drug
___________ the MIC number, the __________ effective it is predicted to be in vivo
Smaller, more
What is a method to determine resistance or susceptibility?
Agar Disc Diffusion (Kirby-Bauer)
What is a Extra-label/Off Label use?
When a product is used in a manner different from the manufacturers label recommendations
What are 2 examples of Off-Label use?
In a different species
At a different dosage rate
At a different frequency of administration
Via a different route
For a different purpose
When compounding drugs
What can antimicrobials affect the synthesis of?
Nucleic Acids (DNA Replication)
Protein
Cell Wall
Cell Membrane
Metabolic Products
What is the antibacterial spectrum?
Range of organisms against which an antibacterial is effective (gram + or gram -)
What are the two spectrums?
Narrow (only affects one gram stain)
Broad (affects both gram stains)
What are some gram + examples?
Penicillins
Erythromycin
Bacitracin
Lincosamide category
What are some gram - examples?
Polymixin B
Aminoglycoside category
What are some broad spectrum?
Tetracyclines, Fluoroquinolones, Macrolides, Sulfonamides
What occurs when a bacteria is no longer susceptible to an antibiotic or disinfectant?
Bacterial Resistance
What are the two possible resistance methods?
Mutational Resistance
Transmissible Resistance
How often to bacteria spontaneously mutate?
Once in every 1000 to 10000 bacterial divisions
True or False - All mutations are beneficial
False
What is transmissible resistance?
Genetic material from a resistant bacteria that mutated can be passed to a susceptible cell
Can transmissible resistance occur between species?
Yes
