Antibiotics Flashcards
Penicillins
- Bactericidal
- Broad Spectrum (Gram - / +)
Penicillin that is narrow spectrum
Penicillin G & V
Cloxacillin
Penicillin that is broad spectrum
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin
Specific toxicities of amoxicillin and ampicillin
Occasional diarrhea & vomiting
What are the general toxicities for penicillins?
Not for rodents & rabbits = fatal diarrhea
High TI
Allergic reactions = pruritus, hives, swelling
Cephalosporins
- Bactericidal
- Narrow to broad spectrum
What are the 4 generations for cephalosporins?
1st gen = G +, minimal G -
2nd gen = G - , minimal G+
3rd & 4th gen = broad spectrum
What are the toxicities for cephalosporins?
High TI
GI Upset
Allergic reactions
Which cephalosporins are 1st gen?
Cephalexin & Cefazolin
Which cephalosporins are 3rd gen?
Ceftiofur/Excenel
Cefovecin/Convenia
Tetracyclines
- Bacteriostatic
- Broad spectrum
What are the toxicities of tetracyclines?
Esophageal strictures in cats
Discoloration of teeth in young or in utero animals
Rapid IV = hypotension/cardiac arrhythmias (equine)
What are 3 types of tetracyclines?
Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Chlortetracycline
Sulfonamides
- Bacteriostatic
- Potentiated Sulfas = bactericidal
- Broad spectrum
What are the toxicities of Sulfonamides?
Dehydration
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS) in dogs
Metabolites cause crystals in urine
What are 2 types of sulfonamides?
Sulfadiazine
Trimethoprim
Aminoglycosides
- Bactericidal
- Narrow spectrum (G-)
What are the toxicities for Aminoglycosides?
Nephrotoxicity
Hearing loss & vestibular disease
Otoxicity
What is an aminoglycosides?
Amikacin
Lincosamides
- Bacteriostatic
- Narrow spectrum (G+)
What are the toxicities of Lincosamides?
GIT Toxicity
Do not use in rabbits, hamsters, rodents, horses, ruminants = serious GI effects including death
What are 3 types of Lincosamides?
Lincomycin, Clindamycin, Pirlimycin
Macrolides
- Bacteriostatic
- Variable spectrum
Which macrolide is fatal in humans, swine, horses, or dogs?
Tilmicosin
Which macrolides cause IM Meat damage?
Erythromycin
Tylocin
What are general toxicities for macrolides?
GIT w/oral
Diarrhea, rectal edema
Rectal prolapses in swine
Fluoroquinolones
- Bactericidal
- Broad but less effective against G-
What are the toxicities of Fluoroquinolones?
High TI
GIT upset in foals
Retinal degeneration/blindness in cats
Not for use with puppies = cartilage damage
Polypeptide
- Cell wall permeability
- Batericidal
- Broad spectrum
- Only used topically
- Polypeptide
- Narrow G-
- Nephrotoxic / neurotoxic
Polymixin
- Polypeptide
- Narrow G+
- Nephrotoxic
Bacitracin
Chloramphenicol/Florphenicol
- Inhibit protein synthesis
- Bacteriostatic
- Broad
Which antibiotic is banned in food producing animals?
Chloramphenicol
What specific toxicities are for florphenicol?
Pain @ injection site, inappetence, diarrhea
What general toxicities for chloramphenicol/florphenicol?
Aplastic anemia (bone marrow toxicity) in humans
GIT upset
Nitrofurans
- Inhibit carb metabolism of bacteria
- Bactericidal
- Broad
What are 2 nitrofurans?
Nitrofurantoin
Furazolidone
What are the toxicities for nitrofurans?
Suspected human carcinogens
Use in food animals prohibited
GI upset w/ oral admin
- Disrupts DNA synthesis
- Bactericidal
- Narrow Spectrum
Nitroimidazole
What is a common nitroimidazole?
Metronidazole
What are the toxicities of Nitroimidazole?
Prohibited for use in food animals
Neurologic toxicity (ataxia, head tilt, nystagmus)
