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Immunology > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

Variolation

A

Inoculating with dried pustules.

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2
Q

Dr. Emmanuel Timoni

A

Documents variolation

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3
Q

Lady Mary Worthey Montagu

A

Variolates children in front of court

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4
Q

Cotton Mather

A

Survives major smallpox outbreak due to variolation

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5
Q

Edward Jenner

A

Inoculates James Phipps with cowpox and observes immunity to smallpox.

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6
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Develops attenuated vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

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7
Q

Jonas Salk

A

Develops inactivated polio vaccine 1952

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8
Q

Reasons that smallpox eradication was feasible

A

Restricted to humans, acute infection, readily detectable symptons, does not undergo high rates of mutations.

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9
Q

Goals of vaccination

A

Establish the adaptive immune response before infection, induce herd immunity

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10
Q

Vaccination for extracellular pathogens should

A

Aim for humoral immunity

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11
Q

Vaccination for intracellular pathogens should

A

Aim for cell-mediated immunity

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12
Q

5 types of vaccines

A

Live-attenuated, killed, subunit, toxid, conjugate

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13
Q

Live-attenuated

A

Weakened live pathogens.

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14
Q

Ways to weaken live pathogens

A

Culture adaptation, egg adaptation, temperature-adaption.

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15
Q

FluMist

A

Temperature sensitive mutant that only grows in cooler nasal passages.

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16
Q

Advantages of LAV

A

mimic natural infections’ mucosal immune responses. Generates robust and durable immunity

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17
Q

Disadvantages of LAV

A

May cause disease, potential for reversion mutation. Can be contaminated?

18
Q

Killed vaccines.

A

Inactivated pathogens.

19
Q

HepA vaccine

A

KV against hepatitis A, viral liver disease. Inactivated by formalin. Developed by Maurice Hilleman

20
Q

Advantages to KV

A

Safe, easy to make

21
Q

Disadvantages to KV

A

Shorter length of protection, only elicits antibodies, requires booster shots.

22
Q

IPV vs OPV

A

Safe, not so effective vs. very effective not so save polio vaccines. Higher frequencies of cases makes OPV more attractive.

23
Q

Antigen and adjuvant

A

Pathogen-derived molecule and substances that enhances immune response.

24
Q

Subunit vaccines

A

Involve the most immunogenic antigens from a pathogen.

25
Q

SV production

A

Grow in cells and fragment or express antigens recombinally.

26
Q

Hepatitis B vaccine

A

Subunit vaccine.. Developed by Maurice Hilleman. Now expressed in yeast.

27
Q

Advantages to subunit vaccine

A

Safe

28
Q

Disadvantages.

A

May require boosters, knowledge is required, more expensive.

29
Q

Toxoid vaccines

A

Modified pathogenic toxins are inactivated.

30
Q

Tetanus vaccine

A

Tetanus toxin is inactivated by formaldehyde. Adsorbed to adjuvant (alum)

31
Q

Toxoid advantages

A

Safe

32
Q

Toxoid disadvantages

A

May require boosters, requires purification, requires adjuvants.

33
Q

Adjuvants

A

Can act as a carrier, prolonging and facilitating antigen presentation (alum, oil emulsion) or be immunostimulatory (bacterial wall components)

34
Q

ALUM

A

Until recently the only licensed adjuvants approved for human use

35
Q

TLR agonist

A

Elicits immune response.

36
Q

Conjugate vaccines

A

A non-immunogenic bacterial component eg. polysaccharide can be conjugated to a immunogenic carrier protein

37
Q

Pneumococcal disease vaccine

A

Pneumococcal polysaccharide is conjugated to nontoxic diphtheria carrier protein.

38
Q

Advantages to CV

A

Safe, effective

39
Q

Disadvantages to CV

A

Costly.

40
Q

DNA based vaccines

A

Immunogenic gene are inserted into host. Future.

41
Q

Microbial vector vaccines

A

A virus carries immunogenic gene.

42
Q

Virus like particles

A

Mimicks the structure of virions.

Immunology (22 decks)

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