Vaccines

Question 1

Variolation

Answer 1

Inoculating with dried pustules.

Question 2

Dr. Emmanuel Timoni

Answer 2

Documents variolation

Question 3

Lady Mary Worthey Montagu

Answer 3

Variolates children in front of court

Question 4

Cotton Mather

Answer 4

Survives major smallpox outbreak due to variolation

Question 5

Edward Jenner

Answer 5

Inoculates James Phipps with cowpox and observes immunity to smallpox.

Question 6

Louis Pasteur

Answer 6

Develops attenuated vaccines against anthrax and rabies.

Question 7

Jonas Salk

Answer 7

Develops inactivated polio vaccine 1952

Question 8

Reasons that smallpox eradication was feasible

Answer 8

Restricted to humans, acute infection, readily detectable symptons, does not undergo high rates of mutations.

Question 9

Goals of vaccination

Answer 9

Establish the adaptive immune response before infection, induce herd immunity

Question 10

Vaccination for extracellular pathogens should

Answer 10

Aim for humoral immunity

Question 11

Vaccination for intracellular pathogens should

Answer 11

Aim for cell-mediated immunity

Question 12

5 types of vaccines

Answer 12

Live-attenuated, killed, subunit, toxid, conjugate

Question 13

Live-attenuated

Answer 13

Weakened live pathogens.

Question 14

Ways to weaken live pathogens

Answer 14

Culture adaptation, egg adaptation, temperature-adaption.

Question 15

FluMist

Answer 15

Temperature sensitive mutant that only grows in cooler nasal passages.

Question 16

Advantages of LAV

Answer 16

mimic natural infections’ mucosal immune responses. Generates robust and durable immunity

Question 17

Disadvantages of LAV

Answer 17

May cause disease, potential for reversion mutation. Can be contaminated?

Question 18

Killed vaccines.

Answer 18

Inactivated pathogens.

Question 19

HepA vaccine

Answer 19

KV against hepatitis A, viral liver disease. Inactivated by formalin. Developed by Maurice Hilleman

Question 20

Advantages to KV

Answer 20

Safe, easy to make

Question 21

Disadvantages to KV

Answer 21

Shorter length of protection, only elicits antibodies, requires booster shots.

Question 22

IPV vs OPV

Answer 22

Safe, not so effective vs. very effective not so save polio vaccines. Higher frequencies of cases makes OPV more attractive.

Question 23

Antigen and adjuvant

Answer 23

Pathogen-derived molecule and substances that enhances immune response.

Question 24

Subunit vaccines

Answer 24

Involve the most immunogenic antigens from a pathogen.

Question 25

SV production

Answer 25

Grow in cells and fragment or express antigens recombinally.

Question 26

Hepatitis B vaccine

Answer 26

Subunit vaccine.. Developed by Maurice Hilleman. Now expressed in yeast.

Question 27

Advantages to subunit vaccine

Answer 27

Safe

Question 28

Disadvantages.

Answer 28

May require boosters, knowledge is required, more expensive.

Question 29

Toxoid vaccines

Answer 29

Modified pathogenic toxins are inactivated.

Question 30

Tetanus vaccine

Answer 30

Tetanus toxin is inactivated by formaldehyde. Adsorbed to adjuvant (alum)

Question 31

Toxoid advantages

Answer 31

Safe

Question 32

Toxoid disadvantages

Answer 32

May require boosters, requires purification, requires adjuvants.

Question 33

Adjuvants

Answer 33

Can act as a carrier, prolonging and facilitating antigen presentation (alum, oil emulsion) or be immunostimulatory (bacterial wall components)

Question 34

ALUM

Answer 34

Until recently the only licensed adjuvants approved for human use

Question 35

TLR agonist

Answer 35

Elicits immune response.

Question 36

Conjugate vaccines

Answer 36

A non-immunogenic bacterial component eg. polysaccharide can be conjugated to a immunogenic carrier protein

Question 37

Pneumococcal disease vaccine

Answer 37

Pneumococcal polysaccharide is conjugated to nontoxic diphtheria carrier protein.

Question 38

Advantages to CV

Answer 38

Safe, effective

Question 39

Disadvantages to CV

Answer 39

Costly.

Question 40

DNA based vaccines

Answer 40

Immunogenic gene are inserted into host. Future.

Question 41

Microbial vector vaccines

Answer 41

A virus carries immunogenic gene.

Question 42

Virus like particles

Answer 42

Mimicks the structure of virions.