Vaccines Flashcards
First ever vaccine
Created for smallpox, created from cowpox lesions being injected
Inspiration of first vaccine
saw that milk maids contract cowpox but do not contract smallpox
How do vaccines work
Vaccines expose body antigens which makes the body more prepared for immune reponse if infected
T cells
Attack infected cells (T stands for Thymus)
B cells
produce antibodies (B stands for bone marrow)
After a vaccine, memory T cells and B cells are _____ to react
faster
Antibodies are ____ to each antigen
specific
The secondary exposure to an antigen causes
a much higher concentration of antibodies much faster than the first time
Types of Vaccines
- live attenuated
- inactivated
- Toxoid
- Subunit
- Conjugate
- mRNA
Characteristics of live attenuated vaccines
- live viruses weakened vai repeated culturing
- elicit strong immune response
- can still cause infection
Characteristics of inactivated vaccines
- inactivated via chemical treatment, heat, UV light
- Strong immune response but not as strong as live attenuated
- require multiple doses
Characteristics of toxoid vaccines
- virus releases toxins which are inactivated via chemical treatment, heat, or UV light
- Elicit weaker immune responses
- multiple doses required
Inactivated toxins are called
toxoids
Characteristics of subunit vaccines
- contain part of the virus
- require boosters
- less side effects
Characteristics of conjugate vaccines
- type of subunit vaccine
- contains polysaccharides on the surface conjugated to proteins
- elicits a stronger immune response due to protein
Characteristics of mRNA vaccines
- inject with mRNA coding for the surface of viral particle
- Causes the body to produce antigens
- short manufacturing times
- easy to produce
- not super effective
Microneedles characteristics
- large enough to deliver pay load
- small enough to avoid pain receptors
- precise localization
Vaccine adjuvants
helper molecules that elicit a stronger immune response
What types of vaccines are adjuvants used in
subunit and toxoid vaccines
Nanomedicines deliver
antigens
Nanoparticle vaccines characteristics
- increase stability of antigens
- increase immunogenialty
- targeted delivery
- multiple antigens
Why does the flu require a new vaccine every year
the HA and NA proteins (targets of current vaccine) mutate frequently which makes previous vaccines mute
New ideal flu vaccine target
M2 and NP
Characteristics of M2 protein
- Ion channel
- has an ectodomain (part thats exposed from the protein coat)
Characteristics of NP
DNA nucleoprotein located inside the viral particle
