Vaccines

Question 1

First ever vaccine

Answer 1

Created for smallpox, created from cowpox lesions being injected

Question 2

Inspiration of first vaccine

Answer 2

saw that milk maids contract cowpox but do not contract smallpox

Question 3

How do vaccines work

Answer 3

Vaccines expose body antigens which makes the body more prepared for immune reponse if infected

Question 4

T cells

Answer 4

Attack infected cells (T stands for Thymus)

Question 5

B cells

Answer 5

produce antibodies (B stands for bone marrow)

Question 6

After a vaccine, memory T cells and B cells are _____ to react

Answer 6

faster

Question 7

Antibodies are ____ to each antigen

Answer 7

specific

Question 8

The secondary exposure to an antigen causes

Answer 8

a much higher concentration of antibodies much faster than the first time

Question 9

Types of Vaccines

Answer 9

1. live attenuated
2. inactivated
3. Toxoid
4. Subunit
5. Conjugate
6. mRNA

Question 10

Characteristics of live attenuated vaccines

Answer 10

• live viruses weakened vai repeated culturing
• elicit strong immune response
• can still cause infection

Question 11

Characteristics of inactivated vaccines

Answer 11

• inactivated via chemical treatment, heat, UV light
• Strong immune response but not as strong as live attenuated
• require multiple doses

Question 12

Characteristics of toxoid vaccines

Answer 12

• virus releases toxins which are inactivated via chemical treatment, heat, or UV light
• Elicit weaker immune responses
• multiple doses required

Question 13

Inactivated toxins are called

Answer 13

toxoids

Question 14

Characteristics of subunit vaccines

Answer 14

• contain part of the virus
• require boosters
• less side effects

Question 15

Characteristics of conjugate vaccines

Answer 15

• type of subunit vaccine
• contains polysaccharides on the surface conjugated to proteins
• elicits a stronger immune response due to protein

Question 16

Characteristics of mRNA vaccines

Answer 16

• inject with mRNA coding for the surface of viral particle
• Causes the body to produce antigens
• short manufacturing times
• easy to produce
• not super effective

Question 17

Microneedles characteristics

Answer 17

• large enough to deliver pay load
• small enough to avoid pain receptors
• precise localization

Question 18

Vaccine adjuvants

Answer 18

helper molecules that elicit a stronger immune response

Question 19

What types of vaccines are adjuvants used in

Answer 19

subunit and toxoid vaccines

Question 20

Nanomedicines deliver

Answer 20

antigens

Question 21

Nanoparticle vaccines characteristics

Answer 21

• increase stability of antigens
• increase immunogenialty
• targeted delivery
• multiple antigens

Question 22

Why does the flu require a new vaccine every year

Answer 22

the HA and NA proteins (targets of current vaccine) mutate frequently which makes previous vaccines mute

Question 23

New ideal flu vaccine target

Answer 23

M2 and NP

Question 24

Characteristics of M2 protein

Answer 24

• Ion channel
• has an ectodomain (part thats exposed from the protein coat)

Question 25

Characteristics of NP

Answer 25

DNA nucleoprotein located inside the viral particle